P¾LI PRIMER

Lily de Silva, M.A., Ph.D.

Published by

VIPASSANA RESEARCH INSTITUTE

PREFACE

This is a book long overdue, as my first P±li teacher, the late

Mr. Julius Berugoda wished me to compile such a one, or

        translate the work he did into English, many years ago. I am sorry I was not able to bring forth this P±li Primer during his                            lifetime, but I feel I am discharging a great obligation even at this late stage.

I take no credit for the method used in this book as it was thought out by my revered Guru. When I first met him in 1949,  I asked him how many cases there are in P±li, as I feared that I would have to memorise declensions as in Latin. He very tactfully said that there are no cases. I was surprised and curious, and requested him to start lessons immediately. Straight  away we got down to making sentences which, lesson after lesson, became longer, more interesting and complex. These exercises were such fun that I thoroughly enjoyed learning P±li. Mr. Berugoda compiled a P±li Grammar in Sinhala called P±li Subodhin², to teach me and it was later published in the early 1950's. It has long been out of print and even I do not possess a copy.

In the early 1980s Mr. Berugoda compiled another P±li Grammar in Sinhala which he said was an improvement on P±li Subodhin², and wished me to translate it into English. Though it was translated with the help of Prof. P.B. Meegaskumbura of the Department of Sinhala, I was not satisfied with the arrangement of the lessons. I felt that the improvements he made in his enthusiasm were counter-productive, but I did not have the heart to tell him my frank opinion. The book however could not be published for lack of funds.

The present work is an entirely new effort based on the same principle of teaching grammar through composition, using a gradually expanding controlled vocabulary, selected on the basis of types frequently occurring in the language. Cases are introduced one by one using only masculine nouns ending in -a at the beginning, with exercises in sentence formation with present tense, third person, singular and plural verbs whose bases end in -a. Grammatical forms such as the gerund / absolutive and the infinitive, which are very frequent in the language, are soon introduced to enable the student to form longer and more complex sentences. Once the student has mastered the basic structure, other grammatical and syntactical forms are taught one by one, following the principle of introducing forms which bear a similarity / affinity in morphology to those already learnt. Translations from and into P±li form an integral part of each lesson.

This book is meant for beginners and gives only an introduction to P±li grammar. It is designed as a convenient stepping stone to more advanced works such as A.K. Warder's Introduction to P±li.

I have freely drawn from the vocabulary collected by Ven. A.P. Buddhadatta in The New P±li Course Part I, for which I acknowledge my indebtedness.

I place on record my sincere thanks to my University Guru Prof. N.A. Jayawickrema for going through the first draft of this text with meticulous care and making valuable suggestions.

Lily de Silva

Department of P±li and Buddhist Studies

University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

11 December, 1991.

CONTENTS

1	Lesson 1	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

Nominative case, singular and plural.

Present, third, singular and plural verbs.

4	Lesson 2	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Accusative case, singular and plural .

7	Lesson 3	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Instrumental case, singular and plural.

11	Lesson 4	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Ablative case, singular and plural.

15	Lesson 5	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Dative case, singular and plural.

19	Lesson 6	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Genitive case, singular and plural.

23	Lesson 7	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Locative case, singular and plural.

27	Lesson 8	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Vocative case, singular and plural.

Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a.

32	Lesson 9	The Gerund / Absolutive.

37	Lesson 10	The Infinitive.

41	Lesson 11	The present participle, masculine and neuter genders.

46	Lesson 12	Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active Voice.

49	Lesson 13	Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active Voice, continued.

55	Lesson 14	The Further Tense.

59	Lesson 15	The Optative / Potential Mood.

63	Lesson 16	The Imperative Mood.

66	Lesson 17	The Past Tense.

70	Lesson 18	Declension of feminine nouns ending in -±.

73	Lesson 19	The Past Participle.

79	Lesson 20	Declension of feminine nouns ending in -i

and ².

82	Lesson 21	The Present Participle, feminine gender.

87	Lesson 22	The Future Passive Participle.

90	Lesson 23	The Causative.

93	Lesson 24	Declension of feminine nouns ending in -u.

96	Lesson 25	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i.

101	Lesson 26	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -².

104	Lesson 27	Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u

and -³.

107	Lesson 28	Declension of agent nouns and nouns indicating relationships.

111	Lesson 29	Declension of neuter nouns ending in -i

and -u.

115	Lesson 30	Declension of adjectives ending in -vantu

and -mantu.

119	Lesson 31	Declension of personal pronouns.

123	Lesson 32	Declension of personal pronouns, relative,

demonstrative and interrogative.

131	List of P±li Verbs

137	P±li Vocabulary (other than verbs)

145	Glossary (English - P±li)

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Samm±sambuddhassa.

Homage to the Blessed One, the Worthy One,

The Fully Self-enlightened One.

P¾LI PRIMER

The Alphabet:

P±li is not known to have a special script of its own. In countries where P±li is studied, the scripts used in those countries are used to write P±li: in India the N±gari, in Sri Lanka the Sinhalese, in Burma the Burmese and in Thailand the Kamboja script. The Pali Text Society, London, uses the Roman script and now it has gained international currency.

The P±li alphabet consists of 41 letters, 8 vowels and 33 consonants.

Vowels

a, ±, i, ², u, ³, e, o

Consonants

Gutturals	k,	kh,	g,	gh,	ª

Palatels	c,	ch,	j,	jh,	ñ

Cerebrals	µ,	µh,	¹,	¹h,	º

Dentals	t,	th,	d,	dh,	n

Labials	p,	ph,	b,	bh,	m

Miscellaneous	  y, r, l, v, s, h, ¼, ½

The vowels a, i, u are short; ±, ², ³ are long; e, o are of middle length. They are pronounced short before double consonants, e.g. mett±, khetta, koµµha, sotthi; and long before single consonants, e.g. deva, sen±, loka, odana.

Pronunciation

a  is pronounced like u  in cut

±	"	"	"	a  in father

i	"	"	"	i  in mill

²	"	"	"	ee in bee

u	"	"	"	u  in put

³	"	"	"	oo in cool

k	"	"	"	k  in kite

g	"	"	"	g  in good

ª	"	"	"	ng in singer

c	"	"	"	ch in church

j	"	"	"	j  in jam

ñ	"	"	"	gn in signor

µ	"	"	"	t  in hat

¹	"	"	"	d  in good

º	"	"	"	n  in now

t  is pronounced like th in thumb

d	"	"	"	th in they

n	"	"	"	n  in now

p	"	"	"	p  in put

b	"	"	"	b  in but

m	"	"	m  in mind

y	"	"	"	y  in yes

r	"	"	"	r  in right

l	"	"	"	l  in light

v	"	"	"	v  in vine

s	"	"	"	s  in sing

h	"	"	"	h  in hot

¼	"	"	"	l  in light

½	"	"	ng in sing

kh, gh, ch, jh, µh, ¹h, th, dh, ph, bh are aspirate consonants which have to be pronounced with an audible breath.

Lesson 1

1.  Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

Buddha / Tath±gata /

Sugata	- the Buddha

manussa	- man, human

being

nara / purisa	- man, person

kassaka	- farmer

br±hmaºa	- brahmin

putta	- son

m±tula	- uncle

kum±ra	- boy

v±ºija	- merchant

bh³p±la	- king

sah±ya / sah±yaka /

mitta	- friend

Verbs

bh±sati	- speaks

pacati	- cooks

kasati	- ploughs

bhuñjati	- eats

sayati	- sleeps

passati	- sees

chindati	- cuts

gacchati	- goes

±gacchati	- comes

dh±vati	- runs

2.  Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Nominative case: The case ending -o is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case singular number. The case ending -± is added to the nominal base to form the nominative case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the subject of a sentence.

Singular

1. nara + o	= naro

2. m±tula + o	= m±tulo

3. kassaka + o	= kassako

Plural

nara + ±	= nar±

m±tula + ±	= m±tul±

kassaka + ±	= kassak±

3.  In the verbs listed above bh±sa, paca, kasa etc. are verbal bases and -ti is the present tense, third person, singular termination.

The present tense, third person, plural is formed by adding the termination -nti to the base.

Singular

bh±sati	- He speaks

pacati	- He cooks

kasati	- He ploughs

Plural

bh±santi	- They speak

pacanti	- They cook

kasanti	- They plough

4.  Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Naro bh±sati	- The man speaks.

2. M±tulo pacati	- The uncle cooks.

3. Kassako kasati	- The farmer ploughs.

Plural

1. Nar± bh±santi	- Men speak.

2. M±tul± pacanti	- Uncles cook.

3. Kassak± kasanti	- Farmers plough.

Exercise 1

Translate into English

1. Bh³p±lo bhuñjati.

2. Putt± sayanti.

3. V±ºij± sayanti.

4. Buddho passati.

5. Kum±ro dh±vati.

6. M±tulo kasati.

7. Br±hmaº± bh±santi.

8. Mitt± gacchanti.

9. Kassak± pacanti.

10. Manusso chindati.

11. Puris± dh±vanti.

12. Sah±yako bhuñjati.

13. Tath±gato bh±sati.

14. Naro pacati.

15. Sah±y± kasanti.

16. Sugato ±gacchati.

6.  Translate into P±li

1. Sons run.

2. The uncle sees.

3. The Buddha comes.

4. Boys eat.

5. Merchants go.

6. The man sleeps.

7. Kings go.

8. The brahmin cuts.

9. Friends speak.

10. The farmer ploughs.

11. The merchant comes.

12. Sons cut.

13. Uncles speak.

14. The boy runs.

15. The friend speaks.

16. The Buddha sees.

Lesson 2

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

dhamma	- the doctrine,

 truth

bhatta	- rice

odana	- cooked rice

g±ma	- village

suriya	- sun

canda	- moon

kukkura/sunakha/

soºa	- dog

vih±ra	- monastery

patta	- bowl

±v±µa	- pit

pabbata	- mountain

y±caka	- beggar

sig±la	- jackal

rukkha	- tree

Verbs

harati	- carries, takes

 away

±harati	- brings

±ruhati	- climbs,

 ascends

oruhati	- descends

y±cati	- begs

khaºati	- digs

vijjhati	- shoots

paharati	- hits, strikes

rakkhati	- protects

vandati	- worships,

 salutes

2.  Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Accusative case - The case ending -½ is added to the nominal base to form the accusative singular number. The case ending -e is added to the nominal base to form the accusative case plural number. A noun thus inflected is used as the object of a sentence. The goal of motion is also expressed by the accusative case.

Singular

1. nara + ½	= nara½

2. m±tula + ½	= m±tula½

3. kassaka + ½	= kassaka½

Plural

nara + e	= nare

m±tula + e	= m±tule

kassaka + e	= kassake

3.  Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Putto nara½ passati	- The son sees the man.

2. Br±hmaºo m±tula½ rakkhati	-The brahmin protects the uncle.

3. V±ºijo kassaka½ paharati	- The merchant hits the farmer.

Plural

1. Putt± nare passanti	- Sons see men.

2. Br±hmaº± m±tule rakkhanti	- Brahmins protect uncles.

3. V±ºij± kassake paharanti	- Merchants hit farmers.

Exercise 2

4. Translate into English

1. Tath±gato dhamma½ bh±sati.

2. Br±hmaº± odana½ bhuñjanti.

3. Manusso suriya½ passati.

4. Kum±r± sig±le paharanti.

5. Y±cak± bhatta½ y±canti.

6. Kassak± ±v±µe khaºanti.

7. Mitto g±ma½ ±gacchati.

8. Bh³p±lo manusse rakkhati.

9. Putt± pabbata½ gacchanti.

10. Kum±ro Buddha½ vandati.

11. V±ºij± patte ±haranti.

12. Puriso vih±ra½ gacchati.

13. Kukkur± pabbata½ dh±vanti.

14. Sig±l± g±ma½ ±gacchanti.

15. Br±hmaº± sah±yake ±haranti.

16. Bh³p±l± sugata½ vandanti.

17. Y±cak± sayanti.

18. Mitt± sunakhe haranti.

19. Putto canda½ passati.

20. Kassako g±ma½ dh±vati.

21. V±ºij± rukkhe chindanti.

22. Naro sig±la½ vijjhati.

23. Kum±ro odana½ bhuñjati.

24. Y±cako soºa½ paharati.

25. Sah±yak± pabbate ±ruhanti.

5. Translate into P±li

1. Men go to the monastery.

2. Farmers climb mountains.

3. The brahmin eats rice.

4. The Buddha sees the boys.

5. Uncles take away bowls.

6. The son protects the dog.

7. The king worships the Buddha.

8. The merchant brings a boy.

9. Friends salute the brahmin.

10. Beggars beg rice.

11. Merchants shoot jackals.

12. Boys climb the mountain.

13. The farmer runs to the village.

14. The merchant cooks rice.

15. Sons worship the uncle.

16. Kings protect men.

17. The Buddha comes to the monastery.

18. The men descend.

19. Farmers dig pits.

20. The merchant runs.

21. The dog sees the moon.

22. Boys climb trees.

23. The brahmin brings the bowl.

24. The beggar sleeps.

25. The king sees the

Buddha.

Lesson 3

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

ratha	- vehicle, chariot

sakaµa	- cart

hattha	- hand

p±da	- foot

magga	- path

d²pa	- island, lamp

s±vaka	- disciple

samaºa	- recluse, monk

sagga	- heaven

assa	- horse

miga	- deer

sara	- arrow

p±s±ºa	- rock, stone

kakaca	- saw

khagga	- sword

cora	- thief

paº¹ita	- wise man

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Instrumental case - The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that  is sometimes  added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea 'by', 'with' or 'through'.

Singular

nara + ena	= narena	(by means of the man)

m±tula + ena	= m±tulena	(with the uncle)

kassaka + ena	= kassakena	(through the farmer)

Plural

nara + ehi	= narehi (narebhi)

m±tula + ehi	= m±tulehi (m±tulebhi)

kassaka + ehi	= kassakehi (kassakebhi)

Saddhi½ / saha meaning 'with' is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Samaºo narena saddhi½ g±ma½ gacchati.

The monk goes to the village with the man.

2. Putto m±tulena saha canda½ passati.

The son sees the moon with his uncle.

3. Kassako kakacena rukkha½ chindati.

The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.

Plural

1. Samaº± narehi saddhi½ g±ma½ gacchanti.

Monks go to the village with men.

2. Putt± m±tulehi saha canda½ passanti.

Sons see the moon with uncles.

3. Kassak± kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.

Farmers cut trees with saws.

Exercise 3

4. Translate into English

1. Buddho s±vakehi saddhi½ vih±ra½ gacchati.

2. Puriso puttena saha d²pa½ dh±vati.

3. Kassako sarena sig±la½ vijjhati.

4. Br±hmaº± m±tulena saha pabbata½ ±ruhanti.

5. Putt± p±dehi kukkure paharanti.

6. M±tulo puttehi saddhi½ rathena g±ma½ ±gacchati.

7. Kum±r± hatthehi patte ±haranti.

8. Coro maggena assa½ harati.

9. Kassako ±v±µa½ oruhati.

10. Bh³p±l± paº¹itehi saha samaºe passanti.

11. Paº¹ito bh³p±lena saha Tath±gata½ vandati.

12. Putt± sah±yena saddhi½ odana½ bhuñjanti.

13. Vaºijo p±s±ºena miga½ paharati.

14. Sunakh± p±dehi ±v±µe khaºanti.

15. Br±hmaºo puttena saha suriya½ vandati.

16. Kassako soºehi saddhi½ rukkhe rakkhanti.

17. Sugato s±vakehi saha vih±ra½ ±gacchati.

18. Y±cako pattena bhatta½ ±harati.

19. Paº¹it± sagga½ gacchanti.

20. Kum±r± assehi saddhi½ g±ma½ dh±vanti.

21. Coro khaggena nara½ paharati.

22. V±ºijo sakaµena dipe ±harati.

23. Ass± maggena dh±vanti.

24. Sig±l± migehi saddhi½ pabbata½ dh±vanti.

25. Bh³p±lo paº¹itena saha manusse rakkhati.

5. Translate into P±li

1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.

2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.

3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.

4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.

5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.

6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.

7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.

8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.

9. The king protects the island with wise men.

10. Kings worship monks with their sons.

11. Thieves bring horses to the island.

12. Disciples climb mountains with men.

13. Merchants cut trees with farmers.

14. The beggar digs a pit with a friend.

15. The brahmin sees the moon with his uncles.

16. The thief hits the horse with a sword.

17. The son brings rice in a bowl.

18. Boys run to the mountain with their dogs.

19. Merchants come to the village by carts with farmers.

20. Uncles come to the monastery by chariots with their sons.

21. Jackals run to the mountain along the road.

22. Dogs dig pits with their feet.

23. The man carries a saw in his hand.

24. Recluses go to heaven.

25. The Buddha comes to the village with his disciples.

Lesson 4

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

dh²vara	- fisherman

maccha	- fish

piµaka	- basket

amacca	- minister

up±saka	- lay devotee

p±s±da	- palace

d±raka	- child

s±µaka	- garment

rajaka	- washerman

sappa	- serpent

pañha	- question

suka / suva	- parrot

sop±na	- stairway

s³kara / var±ha	- pig

Verbs

patati	- falls

dhovati	- washes

icchati	- wishes,

desires

¹asati	- bites

pucchati	- questions

pakkosati	- calls,

summons

kh±dati	- eats

hanati	- kills

otarati	- descends

nikkhamati	- leaves,

sets out

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, (contd.)

Ablative case - Case endings -± / -mh± / -sm± are added to the nominal base to form the ablative singular. Case ending -ehi is added to form the ablative plural; -ebhi is an archaic ending that is also used.

Singular

1. nara + ± / mh± / sm±	= nar± / naramh± / narasm±

(From the man)

2. m±tula + ± / mh± / sm±	= m±tul± / m±tulamh± / m±tulasm±

(From the uncle)

3. kassaka + ± / mh± / sm±	= kassak± / kassakamh± / kassakasm±

(From the farmer)

Plural

1. 	nara + ehi	= narehi (narebhi)

(From men)

2. 	m±tula + ehi	= m±tulehi (m±tulebhi)

(From uncles)

3. 	kassaka + ehi	= kassakehi (kassakebhi)

(From farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Y±cako naramh± bhatta½ y±cati.

The beggar asks for rice from the man.

2. Putto m±tulamh± pañha½ pucchati.

The son asks a question from the uncle.

3. Kassako rukkhasm± patati.

The farmer falls from the tree.

Plural

1. Y±cak± narehi bhatta½ y±canti.

Beggars ask for rice from men.

2. Putt± m±tulehi pañhe pucchanti.

Sons ask questions from uncles.

3. Kassak± rukkhehi patanti.

Farmers fall from trees.

Exercise 4

4. Translate into English

1. Cor± g±mamh± pabbata½ dh±vanti.

2. D±rako m±tulasm± odana½ y±cati.

3. Kum±ro sop±namh± patati.

4. M±tul± s±µake dhovanti.

5. Dh²var± piµakehi macche ±haranti.

6. Up±sak± samaºehi saddhi½ vih±rasm± nikkhamanti.

7. Br±hmaºo kakacena rukkha½ chindati.

8. Kum±r± mittehi saha bh³p±la½ passanti.

9. V±ºijo assena saddhi½ pabbatasm± oruhati.

10. Y±cako kassakasm± soºa½ y±cati.

11. Sapp± pabbatehi g±ma½ otaranti.

12. Amacc± sarehi mige vijjhanti.

13. Coro g±mamh± sakaµena s±µake harati.

14. Bh³p±lo amaccehi saddhi½ rathena p±s±da½ ±gacchati.

15. S³kar± p±dehi ±v±µe khaºanti.

16. Kum±ro sah±yakehi saha s±µake dhovati.

17. Samaº± g±mamh± up±sakehi saddhi½ nikkhamanti.

18. Kukkuro piµakamh± maccha½ kh±dati.

19. Mitto puttamh± sunakha½ y±cati.

20. Buddho s±vake pucchati.

21. Amacc± paº¹itehi pañhe pucchanti.

22. Rajako sah±yena saha s±µaka½ dhovati.

23. Macch± piµakamh± patanti.

24. Cor± p±s±ºehi var±he paharanti.

25. Amacco p±s±damh± suva½ ±harati.

5. Translate into P±li

1. Horses run from the village to the mountain.

2. Merchants come from the island to the monastery with lay devotees.

3. Thieves shoot pigs with arrows.

4. The lay devotee questions (about) the dhamma from the recluse.

5. The child falls from the rock with a friend.

6. The dog bites the child.

7. Ministers set out from the palace with the king.

8. The man brings a deer from the island.

9. The farmer gets down from the tree.

10. Dogs run along the road with horses.

11. Boys take away lamps from merchants.

12. The thief gets down from the stairway.

13. Merchants bring parrots from mountains.

14. The horse hits the serpent with its foot.

15. The uncle, with his friends, sees recluses from the mountains.

16. Merchants bring horses to the palace from the island.

17. The minister questions the thief.

18. The farmer eats rice with the washerman.

19. The child falls from the stairway.

20. The fisherman climbs the mountain with his uncle.

21. The beggar, together with his dog, sleeps.

22. Kings protect islands with their ministers.

23. The king worships the Buddha from his palace.

24. The man kills a serpent with a sword.

25. Fishermen bring fish to the village in carts.

26. Pigs run from the village to the mountain.

27. Lay devotees ask questions from the wise man.

28. The son brings a parrot from the tree.

29. Wise men go to the monastery.

30. Disciples go along the road to the village.

Lesson 5

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

t±pasa	- hermit

±cariya	- teacher

vejja	- doctor

s²ha	- lion

luddaka	- hunter

aja	- goat

v±nara /

makkaµa	- monkey

l±bha	- profit

mañca	- bed

kudd±la	- hoe

Verbs

rodati	- cries

hasati	- laughs

labhati	- gets, receives

pavisati	- enters

dad±ti	- gives

±dad±ti	- takes

k²¼ati	- plays

nah±yati	- bathes

±ka¹¹hati	- drags

pajahati	- gives up,

abandons

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a,

(contd.)

Dative case - Case endings -±ya / -ssa are added to the nominal base to form the dative singular. The case ending -±na½ is added to form the dative plural.

Singular

1. 	nara + ±ya / ssa	= nar±ya / narassa

(for or to the man)

2. 	m±tula + ±ya / ssa	= m±tul±ya / m±tulassa

(for or to the uncle)

3. 	kassaka + ±ya / ssa	= kassak±ya / kassakassa

(for or to the farmer)

Plural

1. 	nara + ±na½	= nar±na½

(for or to men)

2. 	m±tula + ±na½	= m±tul±na½

(for or to uncles)

3. 	kassaka + ±na½	= kassak±na½

(for or to farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Dh²varo nar±ya maccha½ ±harati.

The fisherman brings a fish for the man.

2. Putto m±tulassa odana½ dad±ti.

The son gives rice to the uncle.

3. V±ºijo kassakassa aja½ dad±ti.

The merchant gives a goat to the farmer.

Plural

1. Dh²var± nar±na½ macche ±haranti.

Fishermen bring fish for men.

2. Putt± m±tul±na½ odana½ dadanti.

Sons give rice to uncles.

3. V±ºij± kassak±na½ aje dadanti.

Merchants give goats to farmers.

Exercise 5

4. Translate into English

1. V±ºijo rajakassa s±µaka½ dad±ti.

2. Vejjo ±cariyassa d²pa½ ±harati.

3. Mig± p±s±ºamh± pabbata½ dh±vanti.

4. Manuss± Buddhehi dhamma½ labhanti.

5. Puriso vejj±ya sakaµa½ ±ka¹¹hati.

6. D±rako hatthena y±cakassa bhatta½ ±harati.

7. Y±cako ±cariy±ya ±v±µa½ khaºati.

8. Rajako amacc±na½ s±µake dad±ti.

9. Br±hmaºo s±vak±nam mañce ±harati.

10. V±naro rukkhamh± patati, kukkuro v±nara½ ¹asati.

11. Dh²var± piµakehi amacc±na½ macche ±haranti.

12. Kassako v±ºij±ya rukkha½ chindati.

13. Coro kudd±lena ±cariy±ya ±v±µa½ khaºati.

14. Vejjo putt±na½ bhatta½ pacati.

15. T±paso luddakena saddhi½ bh±sati.

16. Luddako t±pasassa d²pa½ dad±ti.

17. S²h± mige hananti.

18. Makkaµo puttena saha rukkha½ ±ruhati.

19. Samaº± up±sakehi odana½ labhanti.

20. D±rak± rodanti, kum±ro hasati, m±tulo kum±ra½ paharati.

21. V±nar± pabbatamh± oruhanti, rukkhe ±ruhanti.

22. Cor± ratha½ pavisanti, amacco ratha½ pajahati.

23. Acariyo d±rak±ya rukkhamh± suka½ ±harati.

24. Luddako pabbatasm± aja½ ±ka¹¹hati.

25. T±paso pabbatamh± s²ha½ passati.

26. Vaºij± kassakehi l±bha½ labhanti.

27. Luddako v±ºij±na½ var±he hanati.

28. T±paso ±cariyamh± pañhe pucchati.

29. Patto mañcamh± patati.

30. Kum±r± sah±yakehi saddhi½ nah±yanti.

5. Translate into P±li

1. Merchants bring horses for ministers.

2. The hunter kills a goat for the merchant.

3. The man cuts trees with a saw for the farmer.

4. Deer run away from the lion.

5. The king worships the Buddha along with lay devotees.

6. Thieves run from villages to the mountains.

7. The washerman washes garments for the king.

8. The fisherman brings fish in baskets for farmers.

9. The teacher enters the monastery, sees the monks.

10. The serpent bites the monkey.

11. Boys drag the bed for the brahmin.

12. Thieves enter the palace together with men.

13. Farmers get fish from fishermen.

14. Pigs go from the island to the mountain.

15. The king abandons the palace, the son enters the monastery.

16. The lion sleeps, the monkeys play.

17. The teacher protects his sons from the dog.

18. Hunters shoot deer with arrows for ministers.

19. Children desire rice from the uncle.

20. The doctor gives a garment to the hermit.

21. The merchant brings a goat by cart for the teacher.

22. Sons see the moon from the mountain.

23. Wise men get profit from the dhamma.

24. Monkeys leave the village.

25. The son brings a parrot for his friend from the mountain.

26. The doctor enters the monastery.

27. The jackal runs from the village to the mountain along the road.

28. The cart falls off the road, the child cries.

29. The ministers go up the stairway, the doctor comes down the stairway.

30. Wise men ask questions from the Buddha.

Lesson 6

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Genitive case - The inflections of the genitive case are very similar to those of the dative case.

The case ending -ssa is added to the nominal base to form the genitive singular.

The case ending -±na½ is added to form the genitive plural.

Singular

1.	nara + ssa	= narassa (of the man)

2.	m±tula + ssa	= m±tulassa (of the uncle)

3.	kassaka + ssa	= kassakassa (of the farmer)

Plural

1.	nara + ±na½	= nar±na½ (of the men)

2.	m±tula + ±na½	= m±tul±na½ (of the uncles)

3.	kassaka + ±na½	= kassak±na½ (of the farmers)

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Narassa putto bhatta½ y±cati.

The man's son asks for rice.

2. M±tulassa sah±yako ratha½ ±harati.

The uncle's friend brings the vehicle.

3. Kassakassa s³karo d²pa½ dh±vati.

The farmer's pig runs to the island.

Plural

1. Nar±na½ putt± bhatta½ y±canti.

Sons of the men ask for rice.

2. M±tul±na½ sah±yak± rathe ±haranti.

Uncles' friends bring vehicles.

3. Kassak±na½ s³kar± d²pe dh±vanti.

Farmers' pigs run to the islands.

Exercise 6

3. Translate into English

1. Kassakassa putto vejjassa sah±yena saddhi½ ±gacchati.

2. Br±hmaºassa kudd±lo hatthamh± patati.

3. Mig± ±vaµehi nikkhamanti.

4. V±ºij±na½ ass± kassakassa g±ma½ dh±vanti.

5. M±tulassa mitto Thath±gatassa s±vake vandati.

6. Amacco bh³p±lassa khaggena sappa½ paharati.

7. V±ºij± g±me manuss±na½ piµakehi macche ±haranti.

8. Coro vejjassa sakaµena mittena saha g±mamh± nikkhamati.

9. Up±sakassa putt± samaºehi saha vih±ra½ gacchanti.

10. Y±cako amaccassa s±µaka½ icchati.

11. Mitt±na½ m±tul± t±pas±na½ odana½ dadanti.

12. Dh²varassa kakacena coro kukkura½ paharati.

13. Bh³p±lassa putto amaccassa assa½ ±ruhati.

14. Paº¹itassa putt± Buddhassa s±vakena saha vih±ra½ pavisanti.

15. Suriyo manusse rakkhati.

16. Vejjassa sunakho ±cariyassa sop±namh± patati.

17. Rajak± rukkhehi oruhanti.

18. Y±cakassa d±rak± rodanti.

19. Luddakassa putt± corassa d±rakehi saddhi½ k²¼anti.

20. T±paso Tath±gatassa s±vak±na½ odana½ dad±ti.

21. Samaº± ±cariyassa hatthena s±µake labhanti.

22. Coro v±ºijassa sah±yakasm± assa½ y±cati.

23. Up±sak± Tath±gatassa s±vakehi pañhe pucchanti.

24. P±s±ºamh± migo patati, luddako hasati, sunakh± dh±vanti.

25. Vejjassa patto puttassa hatthamh± patati.

26. Kum±ro m±tul±na½ putt±na½ hatthena odana½ dad±ti.

27. Sar± luddakassa hatthehi patanti, mig± pabbata½ dh±vanti.

28. Bh³p±lassa putto amaccehi saddhi½ p±s±dasm± oruhati.

29. Vejjassa soºo kassakassa s³kara½ ¹asati.

30. Dh²varo manuss±na½ macche ±harati, l±bha½ labhati.

4. Translate into P±li

1. The brahmin's sons bathe with the minister's son.

2. Uncle's friend cooks rice with the farmer's son.

3. The fisherman brings fish to the king's palace.

4. The king calls the ministers' sons from the palace.

5. The merchant's chariot falls from the mountain.

6. The king's ministers set out from the palace with the horses.

7. The brahmin's doctor gives garments to the hermits.

8. The hunter's dogs run from the mountain to the village.

9. The merchant brings a bed for the doctor's child.

10. Deer run from the mountain to the village.

11. The teacher's child falls from the farmer's tree.

12. The dog eats fish from the fisherman's basket.

13. The disciples of the Buddha go from the monastery to the mountain.

14. The hunter kills a pig with an arrow for the minister's friends.

15. The child gets a lamp from the hands of the teacher.

16. The doctors' teacher calls the child's uncle.

17. The boy brings rice in a bowl for the monk.

18. Men go to the village of the lay devotees.

19. Pigs run away from jackals.

20. Monkeys play with the deer.

21. The wise man comes to the king's island with the merchants.

22. The farmer's children go to the mountatin by their uncles' chariots.

23. Garments fall from the carts of the merchants.

24. The recluse gets a bowl from the king's hands.

25. The washerman brings garments for the man's uncle.

26. King's ministers eat rice together with the teacher's friends.

27. Wise men protect the islands of the kings from the thieves.

28. Boys bring baskets for the fishermen from farmers.

29. The farmer's horse drags the doctor's vehicle away from the road.

30. Monks enter the village of the teacher.

Lesson 7

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

n±vika	- sailor

±k±sa	- sky

samudda	- ocean, sea

deva / sura	- deity, god

loka	- world

±loka	- light

sakuºa	- bird

k±ka	- crow

niv±sa	- house

sappurisa	- virtuous man

asappurisa	- wicked man

k±ya	- body

d³ta	- messenger

goºa	- ox, bull

Verbs

±hiº¹ati	- wanders

carati	- walks

nis²dati	- sits

sannipatati	- assembles

viharati	- dwells

vasati	- lives

j²vati	- lives

tiµµhati	- stands

uppatati	- flies, jumps up

tarati	- crosses (water)

uttarati	- comes out

(of water)

pas²dati	- becomes glad,

- is pleased with

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Locative case - Case endings -e / -mhi / -smi½ are added to the nominal base to form the locative singular.

The case ending -esu is added to form the locative plural.

Singular

1.	nara + e / mhi / smi½	= nare, naramhi, narasmi½	(in / on / at the man)

2.	m±tula + e / mhi / smi½	= m±tule, m±tulamhi, m±tulasmi½	(in / on / at the uncle)

3.	kassaka + e / mhi / smi½	= kassake, kassakamhi, kassakasmi½

(in / on / at the farmer)

Plural

1.	nara + esu	= naresu (in / on / at men)

2. 	m±tula + esu	= m±tulesu (in / on / at uncles)

3. 	kassaka + esu	= kassakesu (in / on / at farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Sappo narasmi½ patati.

The snake falls on the man.

2. Putto m±tulamhi pas²dati.

The son is pleased with the uncle.

3. V±ºijo kassakasmi½ pas²dati.

The merchant is pleased with the farmer.

Plural

1. Sapp± naresu patanti.

Snakes fall on men.

2. Putt± m±tulesu pas²danti.

Sons are pleased with their uncles.

3. V±ºij± kassakesu pas²danti.

Merchants are pleased with farmers.

Exercise 7

4. Translate into English

1. Br±hmaºo sah±yakena saddhi½ rathamhi nis²dati.

2. Asappuris± corehi saha g±mesu caranti.

3. V±ºijo kassakassa niv±se bhatta½ pacati.

4. Bh³p±lassa amacc± d²pesu manusse rakkhanti.

5. Sugatassa s±vak± vih±rasmi½ vasanti.

6. Makkaµo rukkhamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.

7. Suriyassa ±loko samuddamhi patati.

8. Kassak±na½ goº± g±me ±hiº¹anti.

9. Vejjassa d±rako mañcasmi½ sayati.

10. Dh²var± samuddamh± piµakesu macche ±haranti.

11. S²ho p±s±ºasmi½ tiµµhati, makkaµ± rukkhesu caranti.

12. Bh³p±lassa d³to amaccena saddhi½ samudda½ tarati.

13. Manuss± loke j²vanti, dev± sagge vasanti.

14. Mig± pabbatesu dh±vanti, sakuº± ±k±se uppatanti.

15. Amacco khagga½ bh³p±lassa hatthamh± ±dad±ti.

16. µcariyo m±tulassa niv±se mañcamhi puttena saha nis²dati.

17. T±pas± pabbatamhi viharanti.

18. Up±sak± samaºehi saddhi½ vih±re sannipatanti.

19. K±k± rukkhehi uppatanti.

20. Buddho dhamma½ bh±sati, sappuris± Buddhamhi pas²danti.

21. Asappuriso khaggena n±vikassa d³ta½ paharati.

22. Puriso sarena sakuºa½ vijjhati, sakuºo rukkhamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.

23. Manuss± suriyassa ±lokena loka½ passanti.

24. Kassakassa goº± magge sayanti.

25. Goºassa k±yasmi½ k±ko tiµµhati.

26. Mig± d²pasmi½ p±s±ºesu nis²danti.

27. Sakuºo n±vikassa hatthamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.

28. Sappuriso n±vikena saha samuddamh± uttarati.

29. Kudd±lo luddakassa hatthamh± ±v±µasmi½ patati.

30. Suriyassa ±lokena cando bh±sati (shines).

5. Translate into P±li

1. The lion stands on the rock in the mountain.

2. Thieves enter the house of the teacher.

3. Children run from the road to the sea with friends.

4. Uncle's oxen wander on the road.

5. Birds sit on the tree.

6. The ox hits the goat with its foot.

7. Jackals live on the mountain.

8. The king worships the feet of the Buddha with his ministers.

9. The uncle sleeps on the bed with his son.

10. The fisherman eats rice in the house of the farmer.

11. The king's horses live in the island.

12. The virtuous man brings a lamp for the hermit.

13. The doctor brings a garment to the teacher's house.

14. The monkey plays with a dog on the rock.

15. The garment falls on the farmer's body.

16. The hunter carries arrows in a basket.

17. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the monastery.

18. The washerman washes the garments of the ministers.

19. Birds fly in the sky.

20. The virtuous man comes out of the sea together with the sailor.

21. Deities are pleased with the Buddha's disciples.

22. Merchants cross the sea together with sailors.

23. The good man protects the dog from the serpent.

24. Crows fly from trees in the mountain.

25. The pig pulls a fish from the fisherman's basket.

26. The light of the sun falls on the men in the world.

27. Deities go through the sky.

28. Children play with the dog on the road.

29. The wicked man drags a monkey from the tree.

30. The king's messenger gets down from the horse.

Lesson 8

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a,

(contd).

Vocative case - The uninflected nominal base is used as the vocative singular.

The case ending -± is added to form the vocative plural.

Singular

1. 	nara	(O man)

2.	m±tula	(O uncle)

3.	kassaka	(O farmer)

Plural

nara + ±	= nar±	(O men)

m±tula + ±	= m±tul±	(O uncles)

kassaka + ±	= kassak±	(O farmers)

2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

Nara = man

Singular

Nom.	naro

Acc.	nara½

Ins.	narena

Abl.	nar±, naramh±, narasm±

Dat.	nar±ya, narassa

Gen.	narassa

Loc.	nare, naramhi, narasmi½

Voc.	nara

Plural

nar±

nare

narehi (narebhi)

narehi (narebhi)

nar±na½

nar±na½

naresu

nar±

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a

Phala = fruit

Singular

Nom.	phala½

Acc.	phala½

Voc.	phala

Plural

phal±, phal±ni

phale, phal±ni

phal±ni

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

4. Vocabulary

Neuter nouns ending in -a

nayana /

locana	- eye

udaka / jala	- water

arañña / vana	- forest

puppha /

kusuma	- flower

geha / ghara	- house

±sana	- seat

paººa	- leaf

tiºa	- grass

kh²ra	- milk

nagara	- city, town

uyy±na	- park

khetta	- field

bhaº¹a	- goods

s²la	- virtue, precept

d±na	- alms, charity

r³pa	- object

dv±ra	- door

vattha	- cloth

Verbs

vivarati	- opens

naccati	- dances

nikkhipati	- puts

uµµhahati	- gets up

phusati	- touches

anus±sati	- instructs

ovadati	- advises

sa½harati	- collects

±siñcati	- sprinkles

akkosati	- scolds

bhindati	- breaks

pibati / pivati	- drinks

Exercise 8

5. Translate into English

1. Up±sako pupph±ni ±harati.

2. Araññe mig± vasanti, rukkhesu makkaµ± caranti.

3. Goº± tiºa½ kh±danti.

4. Manuss± nayanehi passanti.

5. Samaºo vih±rasmi½ ±sane nis²dati.

6. Rukkhamh± paºº±ni patanti.

7. V±ºij± g±mamh± kh²ra½ nagara½ haranti.

8. Bh³p±lo kum±rena saddhi½ uyy±ne carati.

9. Kassako khettamhi kudd±lena ±v±µe khaºati.

10. M±tulo puttassa bhaº¹±ni dad±ti.

11. Up±sak± samaº±na½ d±na½ dadanti, s²l±ni rakkhanti.

12. D±rak± mittehi saddhi½ udakasmi½ k²¼anti.

13. Kassak± v±ºijehi vatth±ni labhanti.

14. Kum±ro uyy±namh± m±tulassa kusum±ni ±harati.

15. Br±hmaºassa aj± goºehi saha vane ±hiº¹anti, tiº±ni kh±danti.

16. S²ho vanasmi½ rukkham³le (at the foot of a tree) nis²dati.

17. Rajak± udakena ±san±ni dhovanti.

18. Amacco d³tena saddhi½ rathena arañña½ pavisati.

19. Y±cakassa putto udakena paºº±ni dhovati.

20. V±ºij± bhaº¹±ni nagaramh± g±ma½ ±haranti.

21. Tath±gatassa s±vak± asappuris±na½ putte anus±santi.

22. Up±sak± udakena pupph±ni ±siñcanti.

23. Kum±ro patta½ bhindati, m±tulo akkosati.

24. Luddakassa putto migassa k±ya½ hatthena phusati.

25. Goºo khette p±s±ºamh± uµµhahati.

26. Rajakassa putto s±µake mañcasmi½ nikkhipati.

27. Sugatassa s±vako vih±rassa dv±ra½ vivarati.

28. Vejjassa d±rak± gehe naccanti.

29. Paº¹ito asappurisa½ ovadati.

30. Coro ±cariyassa sakaµa½ pabbatasmi½ pajahati.

6. Translate into P±li

1. Children play in the water with the dog.

2. The wicked man breaks leaves from the tree.

3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with their ministers.

4. Merchants set out from the city with goods.

5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.

6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the park with lay devotees.

7. The thief gets down from the tree in the forest.

8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the trees with stones.

9. The doctor's horse eats grass with the ox on the road.

10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in villages.

11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house of the wise man.

12. The sailor opens the doors of his house.

13. The sons of fishermen dance with friends in the park.

14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.

15. The world gets light from the sun.

16. Sailors get up from their seats.

17. The doctor's friend touches the body of the dog with his foot.

18. The Buddha instructs his disciples in the monastery.

19. Boys collect flowers from the park, lay devotees sprinkle them with water.

20. The parrot flies into the sky from the house of the sailor.

21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the farmer scolds (him).

22. The wise man advises the merchant, the merchant is pleased with the wise man.

23. The king's messenger comes out of the sea with the sailor.

24. Merchants bring clothes for farmers from the city.

25. Gods protect virtuous men. Good men protect virtues.

26. Men see objects with their eyes with (the help of) the light of the sun.

27. Leaves from the trees fall on the road.

28. Lay devotees place flowers on altars (pupph±sana).

29. Goats drink water from pits in the field.

30. The lions get up from the rock at the foot of the tree (rukkham³la).

Lesson 9

1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle

The suffix -tv± is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.

pac + i + tv±	= pacitv±	= having cooked

kh±d + i + tv±	= kh±ditv±	= having eaten

gam + tv±	= gantv±	= having gone

han + tv±	= hantv±	= having killed

The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.

± + gam + ya	= ±gamma (with assimilation) 	= having come

± + d± + ya	= ±d±ya	= having taken

± + ruh + ya	= ±ruyha (with metathesis)	= having climbed

ava + ruh + ya	= oruyha (with metathesis)	=  having descended

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

bhuñjati	- bhuñjitv±, bhutv±

±gacchati	- ±gantv±, ±gamma

hanati	- hanitv±, hantv±

dad±ti	- daditv±, datv±

nah±yati	- nah±yitv±, nah±tv±

tiµµhati	- µhatv±

nikkhamati	- nikkhamitv±, nikkhamma

pajahati	- pajahitv±, pah±ya

passati	- passitv±; but disv± is more commonly

used from the root dÏ³ to see,

instead of passitv±.

uµµhahati	- uµµhahitv±, uµµh±ya

3. Examples in sentence formation

1. Kassako khettamh± ±gantv± bhatta½ bhuñjati.

The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.

2. V±nar± rukkha½ ±ruyha phal±ni kh±danti.

Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.

3. D±rako bhatta½ y±citv± rodati.

Having asked for rice, the child cries.

4. Samaºo Buddha½ passitv± vandati.

Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).

Exercise 9

4. Translate into English

1. Up±sako vih±ra½ gantv± samaº±na½ d±na½ dad±ti.

2. S±vako ±sanamhi nis²ditv± p±de dhovati.

3. D±rak± pupph±ni sa½haritv± m±tulassa datv± hasanti.

4. Y±cak± uyy±namh± ±gamma kassakasm± odana½ y±canti.

5. Luddako hatthena sare ±d±ya arañña½ pavisati.

6. Kum±r± kukkurena saddhi½ k²¼itv± samudda½ gantv± nah±yanti.

7. V±ºijo p±s±ºasmi½ µhatv± kudd±lena sappa½ paharati.

8. Sappuriso y±cakassa putte pakkositv± vatth±ni dad±ti.

9. D±rako ±v±µamhi patitv± rodati.

10. Bh³p±lo p±s±damh± nikkhamitv± amaccena saddhi½ bh±sati.

11. Sunakho udaka½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma magge sayati.

12. Samaº± bh³p±lassa uyy±ne sannipatitv± dhamma½ bh±santi.

13. Putto nah±tv± bhatta½ bhutv± mañca½ ±ruyha sayati.

14. V±ºij± d²pamh± nagara½ ±gamma ±cariyassa gehe vasanti.

15. Rajako vatth±ni dhovitv± putta½ pakkosati.

16. V±nar± rukkhehi oruyha uyy±ne ±hiº¹anti.

17. Mig± vanamhi ±hiº¹itv± paºº±ni kh±danti.

18. Kum±ro nayan±ni dhovitv± suriya½ passati.

19. N±vikassa mitt± nagarasm± bhaº¹±ni ±d±ya g±ma½ ±gacchanti.

20. D±rako kh²ra½ pivitv± gehamh± nikkhamma hasati.

21. Sappuris± d±n±ni datv± s²l±ni rakkhitv± sagga½ gacchanti.

22. S³karo udakamh± uttaritv± ±v±µa½ oruyha sayati.

23. T±paso Tath±gatassa s±vaka½ disv± vanditv± pañha½ pucchati.

24. Asappuriso y±cakassa patta½ bhinditv± akkositv± geha½ gacchati.

25. Sakuº± g±me rukkhehi uppatitv± arañña½ otaranti.

26. Paº¹ito ±sanamh± uµµhahitv± t±pasena saddhi½ bh±sati.

27. D±rako geh± nikkhamma m±tula½ pakkositv± geha½ pavisati.

28. Dev± sappurisesu pas²ditv± te (them) rakkhanti.

29. Kum±rassa sah±yak± p±s±da½ ±ruyha ±sanesu nis²danti.

30. Goº± khettamhi ±hiº¹itv± tiºa½ kh±ditv± sayanti.

5. Translate into P±li

1. Having gone out of the house the farmer enters the field.

2. Having preached (deseti)the doctrine, the Buddha enters the monastery.

3. The king having been pleased with the Buddha, abandons the palace and goes to the monastery.

4. Having climbed down from the stairway, the child laughs.

5. Having hit the serpent with a stone the boy runs into the house.

6. Having gone to the forest the man climbs a tree and eats fruits.

7. Having washed the clothes in the water, the washerman brings (them) home.

8. The lion having killed a goat, eats having sat on a rock.

9. The doctor having seen the merchants' goods leaves the city.

10. Having broken (into) the house thieves run to the forest.

11. Having roamed in the field the pig falls into a pit.

12. The fisherman brings fish from the sea for farmers.

13. Having taken goods from the city, the teacher comes home.

14. Having stood on a mountain, the hunter shoots birds with arrows.

15. The oxen having eaten grass in the park, sleep on the road.

16. The king having got down from the chariot speaks with the farmers.

17. The man having given up his house enters the monastery.

18. Fishermen give fish to merchants and receive profits.

19. The lay devotee having asked a question from the monk sits on his seat.

20. The disciples of the Buddha, having seen the wicked men, admonish.

21. The brahmin, having scolded the child, hits (him).

22. The deities, having asked questions from the Buddha, become glad.

23. The dog, having bitten the teacher's foot, runs into the house.

24. The monkey, having played with the goat on the road, climbs a tree.

25. The hermit, having come from the forest, receives a cloth from the good man.

26. Having drunk water, the child breaks the bowl.

27. Having advised the farmers' sons, and having risen from the seats, the monks go to the monastery.

28. The sailor, having crossed the sea, goes to the island.

29. The child calls the uncles and dances in the house.

30. Having washed clothes and bathed, the farmer gets out of water.

Lesson 10

1. The Infinitive

The suffix -tu½ is added to the root of the verb or the verbal base with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the infinitive.

pac + i + tu½	= pacitu½	= to cook

kh±d + i + tu½	= kh±ditu½	= to eat

gam + tu½	= gantu½	= to go

d± + tu½	= d±tu½	= to give

(Skt sth±) µh± + tu½	= µh±tu½	= to stand

p± + tu½	= p±tu½ / pivitu½	= to drink

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Kassako khetta½ kasitu½ icchati.

The farmer wishes to plough the field.

2. D±rako phal±ni kh±ditu½ rukkham ±ruhati.

The child climbs the tree to eat fruits.

3. Manuss± samaºehi pañhe pucchitu½ vih±ra½ ±gacchanti.

Men come to the monastery to ask questions from the

recluses.

4. Kum±r± k²¼itu½ mittehi saha samudda½ gacchanti.

Boys go to the sea with friends to play.

Exercise 10

3. Translate into English

1. Kum±r± vanamhi mittehi saha k²¼itv± bhatta½ bhuñjitu½ geha½ dh±vanti.

2. Mig± tiºa½ kh±ditv± udaka½ p±tu½ pabbatamh± uyy±na½ ±gacchanti.

3. V±ºijassa putto bhaº¹±ni ±haritu½ rathena nagara½ gacchati.

4. Y±cako m±tulassa kudd±lena ±v±µa½ khaºitu½ icchati.

5. Amacc± bh³p±la½ passitu½ p±s±damhi sannipatanti.

6. Goº± uyy±ne ±hiº¹itv± kassakassa khetta½ ±gacchanti.

7. Up±sak± samaº±na½ d±na½ d±tu½ vih±ra½ pavisanti.

8. Rathena nagara½ gantu½ puriso gehasm± nikkhamati.

9. Br±hmaºo vejjena saddhi½ nah±yitu½ udaka½ otarati.

10. Coro amaccassa geha½ pavisitu½ uyy±ne ±hiº¹ati.

11. S²ho pabbatamhi sayitv± uµµh±ya miga½ hantu½ oruhati.

12. Udaka½ otaritv± vatth±ni dhovitu½ rajako putta½ pakkosati.

13. Tath±gata½ passitv± vanditu½ up±sako vih±ra½ pavisati.

14. Khetta½ kasitu½ kassako kudd±la½ ±d±ya geh± nikkhamati.

15. Sarehi mige vijjhitu½ luddak± sunakhehi saha arañña½ pavisanti.

16. Nar± g±mamh± nikkhamitv± nagare vasitu½ icchanti.

17. Sakuºe passitu½ amacc± kum±rehi saha pabbata½ ±ruhanti.

18. Pabbatasm± rukkha½ ±ka¹¹hitu½ v±ºijena saha kassako gacchati.

19. Phal±ni kh±ditu½ makkaµ± rukkhesu caranti.

20. Paº¹ito sugatassa s±vakehi saddhi½ bh±situ½ icchati.

21. Samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gantv± vatth±ni ±haritu½ v±ºij± icchanti.

22. Pupph±ni sa½haritv± udakena ±siñcitu½ up±sako kum±re ovadati.

23. Ajassa k±ya½ hatthehi phusitu½ d±rako icchati.

24. Br±hmaºassa gehe ±sanesu nis²ditu½ rajakassa putt± icchanti.

25. P±tu½ udaka½ y±citv± d±rako rodati.

4. Translate into P±li

1. Goats roam in the park to eat leaves and drink water.

2. The wicked man wishes to hit the dog with his foot.

3. Friends go to the park to play with their dogs.

4. The lay devotee wishes to come home and instruct his sons.

5. The deity wishes to go to the monastery and speak to the Buddha.

6. The good man wishes to protect virtues and give alms.

7. Pigs run from the village to enter the forest.

8. The farmer asks for a hoe from the merchant to dig pits in his field.

9. Lay devotees assemble in the monastery to worship the Buddha.

10. The uncle comes out of the house to call the fisherman.

11. Farmers wish to get oxen; merchants wish to get horses.

12. The king wishes to abandon his palace.

13. Men take baskets and go to the forest to collect fruits for their children.

14. The farmer wanders in the forest to cut grass for his oxen.

15. Men wish to live in houses in the city with their sons.

16. Having stood on the rock, the child sees flowers on the trees.

17. Having received a garment from the teacher the doctor is pleased.

18. The hunter calls a friend to drag a goat from the forest.

19. The sailor calls merchants to cross the sea.

20. Having risen from the seat the good man wishes to speak with the monk.

21. Children wish to get down to the water and bathe.

22. The minister mounts the horse to go to the forest to shoot deer.

23. The boy wishes to cook rice for his uncle's friends.

24. Jackals leave the forest to enter the farmers' fields.

25. Men wish to see objects with their eyes by the light of the sun.

Lesson 11

1. Vocabulary

Neuter nouns ending in -a

±paºa	- shop, bazaar

puñña	- merit

p±pa	- evil, sin

kamma	- deed, action

kusala	- good

akusala	- evil

dhana	- wealth

dhañña	- corn

b²ja	- seed

dussa	- cloth

c²vara	- robe

m³la	- root, money

rukkham³la	- foot of a tree

tuº¹a	- beak

vetana	- wage, pay

paduma	- lotus

g²ta	- song

suvaººa /

hirañña	- gold

sacca	- truth

p±n²ya	- drinking water

citta	- mind

Verbs

pariyesati	- searches,

seeks

±rabhati	-begins

ussahati	- tries

upasaªkamati	- approaches

adhigacchati	- understands,

attains

g±yati	- sings

±masati	- touches,

strokes

bh±yati	- fears

cavati	- departs, dies

uppajjati	- is born

khipati	- throws

vapati	- sows

±kaªkhati	- hopes

sibbati	- sows

2. The Present Participle

Present participles are formed by adding -nta / m±na to the verbal base. They function as adjectives and agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they qualify. They are declined like -a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter. (As the feminine gender has not been introduced so far, the feminine gender of the present participle will be explained in Lesson 21).

paca + nta / m±na	= pacanta / pacam±na	= cooking

gaccha + nta / m±na	= gacchanta / gaccham±na	= going

bhuñja + nta / m±na	= bhuñjanta / bhuñjam±na	= eating

tiµµha + nta / m±na	= tiµµhanta / tiµµham±na	= standing

vihara + nta / m±na	= viharanta / viharam±na	= dwelling

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Bhatta½ pacanto / pacam±no puriso hasati. (Nom. case)

The man who is cooking rice laughs.

2. Vejjo bhatta½ pacanta½ / pacam±na½ purisa½ pakkosati.

(Acc. case)

The doctor calls the man who is cooking rice.

3. Vejjo bhatta½ pacantena / pacam±nena purisena saha 	bh±sati. (Inst.case)

The doctor speaks with the man who is cooking rice.

Plural

1. Bhatta½ pacant± / pacam±n± puris± hasanti.

(Nom. case)

The men who are cooking rice laugh.

2. Vejjo bhatta½ pacante / pacam±ne purise pakkosati.	 	(Acc. case)

The doctor calls the men who are cooking rice.

3. Vejjo bhatta½ pacantehi / pacam±nehi purisehi saha 	bh±sati. (Inst.case)

The doctor speaks with the men who are cooking rice.

Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree with the nouns they qualify.

Exercise 11

4. Translate into English

1. P±n²ya½ y±citv± rodanto d±rako mañcamh± patati.

2. Vatth±ni labhitu½ icchanto v±ºijo ±paºa½ gacchati.

3. Up±sako padum±ni ±d±ya vih±ra½ gaccham±no Buddha½ disv± pas²dati.

4. Sakuºo tuº¹ena phala½ haranto rukkhasm± uppatati.

5. C²vara½ pariyesantassa samaºassa ±cariyo c²vara½ dad±ti.

6. Araññe ±hiº¹anto luddako dh±vanta½ miga½ passitv± sarena vijjhati.

7. Uyy±ne ±hiº¹am±namh± kum±ramh± br±hmaºo padum±ni y±cati.

8. Rathena gaccham±nehi amaccehi saha ±cariyo hasati.

9. D±na½ dad±m±n± s²l±ni rakkham±n± manuss± sagge uppajjanti.

10. Dhañña½ ±kaªkhantassa purisassa dhana½ d±tu½ v±ºijo icchati.

11. Goºe hanant± rukkhe chindant± asappuris± dhana½ sa½haritu½ ussahanti.

12. Vih±ra½ upasaªkamanto Buddho dhamma½ bh±sam±ne s±vake passati.

13. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± g²t±ni g±yant± kum±r± naccitu½ ±rabhanti.

14. Suvaººa½ labhitu½ ussahant± manuss± pabbatasmi½ ±v±µe khaºanti.

15. Udaka½ p±tu½ icchanto s²ho udaka½ pariyesam±no vanamhi carati.

16. Vetana½ labhitu½ ±kaªkham±no naro rajak±ya duss±ni dhovati.

17. Samaºehi bh±sant± up±sak± sacca½ adhigantu½ ussahanti.

18. Magge sayanta½ sunakha½ udakena siñcitv± d±rako hasati.

19. S²la½ rakkhant± sappuris± manussalok± cavitv± devaloke uppajjanti.

20. Dhana½ sa½haritu½ ussahanto v±ºijo samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gantu½ ±rabhati.

21. Goºe pariyesam±no vane ±hiº¹anto kassako s²ha½ disv± bh±yati.

22. Rukkhesu nis²ditv± phal±ni bhuñjam±n± kum±r± g²ta½ g±yanti.

23. Citta½ pas²ditv± dhamma½ adhigantu½ ussahant± nar± sagge uppajjanti.

24. Tuº¹ena piµakamh± maccha½ ±ka¹¹hitu½ icchanto k±ko sunakhamh± bh±yati.

25. Khetta½ kasitv± b²j±ni vapanto kassako dhañña½ labhitu½ ±kaªkhati.

26. Suriyassa ±lokena locanehi r³p±ni passant± manuss± loke j²vanti.

27. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± c²vara½ sibbantena samaºena saddhi½ up±sako bh±sati.

28. Rukkham³le sayantassa y±cakassa k±ye paºº±ni patanti.

29. V±ºijassa m³la½ datv± asse labhitu½ amacco ussahati.

30. Kh²ra½ pivitv± hasam±no d±rako patta½ mañcasmi½ khipati.

5. Translate into P±li.

1. The man washing clothes speaks with the boy going on the road.

2. The brahmin sees the deer coming out of the forest to drink water.

3. Goats in the park eat leaves falling from the trees.

4. Wicked men wish to see hunters killing deer.

5. The farmer sees birds eating seeds in his field.

6. Recluses who enter the city wish to worship the Buddha dwelling in the monastery.

7. Standing on the stairway the child sees monkeys sitting on the tree.

8. Boys give rice to fish moving in the water.

9. The sailor wishing to cross the sea asks for money from the king.

10. Men see with their eyes the light of the moon falling on the sea.

11. Lay devotees try to give robes to monks living in the monastery.

12. Wishing for merit virtuous men give alms to the monks and observe (rakkhanti) the precepts.

13. The man walks on the leaves falling from the trees in the forest.

14. The uncle gives a lotus to the child searching for flowers.

15. Having given the beggar some corn the fisherman enters the house.

16. The minister gives seeds to the farmers who plough their fields.

17. The dog tries to bite the hand of the man who strokes his body.

18. The Buddha's disciples question the child crying on the road.

19. The uncle's friend calls the boys singing songs seated under the tree.

20. Virtuous men give food to the monks who approach their houses.

21. Wise men who wish to be born in heaven practise (rakkhanti) virtue.

22. Seeing the jackal approaching the village the farmer tries to hit it with a stone.

23. Speaking the truth lay devotees try to understand the doctrine.

24. Having washed the bowl with water the hermit looks for drinking water.

25. Wise men who observe the precepts begin to understand the truth.

Lesson 12

1. Conjugation of Verbs

The Present Tense, Active Voice

So far only the present tense, active voice, third person singular and plural have been introduced. This lesson gives the conjugation in full.

Singular

3rd  	(So) pacati	= He cooks

2nd  	(Tva½) pacasi	= You cook

1st  	(Aha½) pac±mi	= I cook

Plural

(Te) pacanti	= They cook

(Tumhe) pacatha	= You cook

(Maya½) pac±ma	= We cook

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. So bhatta½ pacati	= He cooks rice.

2. Tva½ bhatta½ pacasi	= You (sg.) cook rice.

3. Aha½ bhatta½ pac±mi	= I cook rice.

Plural

1. Te bhatta½ pacanti	= They cook rice.

2. Tumhe bhatta½ pacatha	= You (pl.) cook rice.

3. Maya½ bhatta½ pac±ma	= We cook rice.

Exercise 12

3. Translate into English

1. Tva½ mittehi saddhi½ rathena ±paºamh± bhaº¹±ni ±harasi.

2. Aha½ udakamh± padum±ni ±haritv± v±ºijassa dad±mi.

3. Tumhe samaº±na½ d±tu½ c²var±ni pariyesatha.

4. Maya½ sagge uppajjitu½ ±kaªkham±n± s²l±ni rakkh±ma.

5. Te dhamma½ adhigantu½ ussahant±na½ samaº±na½ d±na½ dadanti.

6. So araññamhi uppatante sakuºe passitu½ pabbata½ ±ruhati.

7. Maya½ sugatassa s±vake vanditu½ vih±rasmi½ sannipat±ma.

8. µgacchanta½ t±pasa½ disv± so bhatta½ ±haritu½ geha½ pavisati.

9. Aha½ udaka½ oruyha br±hmaºassa duss±ni dhov±mi.

10. Tva½ gehassa dv±ra½ vivaritv± p±n²ya½ pattamh± ±d±ya pivasi.

11. Aha½ hirañña½ pariyesanto d²pamhi ±v±µe khaº±mi.

12. Phal±ni kh±dant± tumhe rukkhehi oruhatha.

13. P±s±ºasmi½ µhatv± tva½ canda½ passitu½ ussahasi.

14. Maya½ manussalokamh± cavitv± sagge uppajjitu½ ±kaªkh±ma.

15. Tumhe araññe vasante mige sarehi vijjhitu½ icchatha.

16. Maya½ uyy±ne carant± sunakhehi saddhi½ k²¼ante d±rake pass±ma.

17. Tva½ rukkham³le nis²ditv± ±cariyassa d±tu½ vattha½ sibbasi.

18. Maya½ puñña½ icchant± samaº±na½ d±na½ dad±ma.

19. Tumhe sacca½ adhigantu½ ±rabhatha.

20. Tva½ g²ta½ g±yanto rodanta½ d±raka½ rakkhasi.

21. Maya½ hasantehi kum±rehi saha uyy±ne nacc±ma.

22. So p±n²ya½ pivitv± patta½ bhinditv± m±tulamh± bh±yati.

23. P±s±da½ upasaªkamanta½ samaºa½ disv± bh³p±lassa citta½ pas²dati.

24. Maya½ arañña½ pavisitv± aj±na½ paºº±ni sa½har±ma.

25. Khetta½ rakkhanto so ±v±µe khaºante var±he disv± p±s±ºehi paharati.

4. Translate into P±li

1. I call the child who is stroking the dog's body.

2. We try to learn the truth speaking with the monks who assemble in the monastery.

3. Sitting in the park you (pl.) eat fruits with friends.

4. You drink milk seated on a chair.

5. We set out from home to go and see the deer roaming in the forest.

6. I wish to understand the doctrine.

7. Standing on the mountain we see the moonlight falling on the sea.

8. I drag the farmer's cart away from the road.

9. You (pl.) sit on the seats, I bring drinking water from the house.

10. We wander in the fields looking at the birds eating seeds.

11. I advise the wicked man who kills pigs.

12. You (sg.) get frightened seeing the snake approaching the house.

13. I ask questions from the men who come out of the forest.

14. Seeing the crying child we call the doctor going on the road.

15. I protect virtues, give alms to the monks and live in the house with children.

16. Good men who fear evil deeds are born in heaven.

17. Expecting to get profit we bring goods from the city.

18. We stand under the tree and sprinkle water on the flowers.

19. I wash the bowls with water and give (them) to the doctor.

20. Searching for the truth I give up the house and enter the monastery.

21. Wishing to see the monks you (pl.) assemble in the park.

22. I see a fruit falling from the crow's beak.

23. You (sg.) cross the sea and bring a horse from the island.

24. I set out from home to bring a lamp from the market.

25. Having taken a basket I go to the field to collect corn.

Lesson 13

1. Conjugation of Verbs

Present Tense Active Voice (contd.)

Verbs which have the base ending in -e are conjugated somewhat differently from what has been learnt so far. They can have two verbal bases, one ending in -e, the other ending in -aya, as in coreti and corayati.

Base core = to steal

Singular

3rd 	(So) coreti

2nd 	(Tva½) coresi

1st 	(Aha½) coremi

Plural

(Te) corenti

(Tumhe) coretha

(Maya½) corema

Base coraya = to steal

Singular

3rd 	(So) corayati

2nd 	(Tva½) corayasi

1st 	(Aha½) coray±mi

Plural

(Te) corayanti

(Tumhe) corayatha

(Maya½) coray±ma

2. Some verbs similarly conjugated are as follows:

deseti	- preaches

cinteti	- thinks

p³jeti	- honours, offers

p³reti	- fills

p²¼eti	- oppresses

katheti	- speaks

u¹¹eti	- flies

udeti	- (sun or moon) rises

ropeti	- plants

manteti	- discusses, takes

counsel

±manteti	- addresses

nimanteti	- invites

oloketi	- looks at

j±leti	- kindles

ch±deti	- covers

m±reti	- kills

neti	- leads, takes away

±neti	- brings

µhapeti	- keeps

p±teti	- fells

p±leti	- rules, governs

parivajjeti	- avoids

obh±seti	- illuminates

deti (dad±ti)	- gives

3. N.B. Gerunds / absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed retaining the -e in the base.

Gerunds - desetv±, cintetv±, p³jetv±, p³retva etc.

Infinitives - desetu½, cintetu½, p³jetu½, p³retu½ etc.

4. Verbs which have the base ending in -n± are conjugated as follows:

Base kiº± = to buy

Singular

3rd 	(So) kiº±ti

2nd 	(Tva½) kiº±si

1st 	(Aha½) kiº±mi

Plural

(Te) kiºanti

(Tumhe) kiº±tha

(Maya½) kiº±ma

5. Some verbs similarly declined are as follows

vikkiº±ti	- sells

suº±ti	- hears

min±ti	- measures

gaºh±ti	- takes

uggaºh±ti	- learns

j±n±ti	- knows

jin±ti	- wins

p±puº±ti /

pappoti - reaches

ocin±ti	- picks, collects

pahiº±ti	- sends

N.B. It should be observed that the present tense verbal terminations remain constant. Only the vikaraºa suffix, or the conjugational sign in between the root and the termination, shows variation.

6. Attention should be paid to the following forms:

Present Tense

j±n±ti

suº±ti

p±puº±ti / pappoti

gaºh±ti

Gerund / Absolutive

ñatv± / j±nitv±

sutv± / suºitv±

patv± / p±puºitv±

gahetv± / gaºhitv±

Infinitive

ñ±tu½

sotu½ / suºitu½

p±puºitu½ / pappotu½

gahetu½ / gaºhitu½

7. The two verbs bhavati / hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the language. Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:

Gerund	- bhavitv± / hutv±;	 katv±

Infinitive	- bhavitu½ / hotu½;	 k±tu½

The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root kÏ are special verbs of frequent occurrence. They are conjugated as follows:

Singular

3rd	atthi

2nd	asi

1st	asmi / amhi

3rd	karoti

2nd	karosi

1st	karomi

Plural

santi

attha

asma / amha

karonti

karotha

karoma

Exercise 13

8. Translate into English

1. Buddho vih±rasmi½ sannipatant±na½ manuss±na½ dhamma½ deseti.

2. Buddhassa p³jetu½ cintento up±sako pupph±ni ocin±ti.

3. Te patte udakena p³rent± g²ta½ g±yanti.

4. Tumhe araññe vasante mige p²¼etv± asappuris± hotha.

5. Maya½ ±paºa½ gantv± v±ºijehi saddhi½ kathetv± dhañña½ vikkiº±ma.

6. Tva½ u¹¹enta½ suka½ disv± gaºhitu½ icchasi.

7. Pabbatamh± udenta½ canda½ passitu½ kum±ro gharamh± dh±vati.

8. Aha½ kassakehi saha khettasmi½ rukkhe ropemi.

9. Maya½ amaccehi saha mantent± p±s±dasmi½ ±sanesu nis²d±ma.

10. Tumhe Tath±gatassa s±vake nimantetv± d±na½ detha.

11. Up±sak± vih±ra½ gantv± d²pe j±letv± dhamma½ sotu½ nis²danti.

12. Luddako s²sa½ (head) dussena ch±detv± nis²ditv± sakuºe maretu½ ussahati.

13. So vane ±hiº¹ante goºe g±ma½ ±netv± v±ºij±na½ vikkiº±ti.

14. Tva½ ±paºehi bhaº¹±ni kiºitv± sakaµena ±netv± gehe µhapesi.

15. Tumhe kakacehi rukkhe chinditv± pabbatamh± p±tetha.

16. Dhammena manusse p±lent± bh³p±l± akusala½ parivajjenti.

17. Sacca½ ñ±tu½ icchanto aha½ samaºehi pañhe pucch±mi.

18. D±na½ datv± s²la½ rakkhant± sappuris± saggaloka½ p±puºanti.

19. Dhañña½ minanto kassako ±paºa½ netv± dhañña½ vikkiºitu½ cinteti.

20. Aha½ pattena p±n²ya½ pivanto dv±rasmi½ µhatva magga½ olokemi.

21. So ±paºamh± kh²ra½ kiºitu½ putta½ pahiº±ti.

22. Maya½ dhamma½ uggaºhitu½ ussahant± paº¹itena saha mantema.

23. Corehi saddhi½ gehe bhinditv± manusse p²¼ent± tumhe asappuris± hotha.

24. Aha½ suvaººa½ pariyesam±ne d²pamh± ±gacchante v±ºije j±n±mi.

25. Aha½ ±cariyo homi, tva½ vejjo hosi.

26. Tva½ asappurisa, Buddhena desenta½ dhamma½ sutv± sappuriso bhavitu½ ussahasi.

27. Aha½ paº¹itehi saddhi½ mantento dhammena d²pa½ p±lento bh³p±lo asmi.

28. Var±he m±rent± cor± kassake p²¼ent± p±pakamm±ni karonti.

29. S²la½ rakkhant± puññakamm±ni karont± manuss± sagga½ pappotu½ ±kaªkhanti.

30. Akusala½ pah±ya p±pa½ parivajjetv± viharant± nar± sappuris± bhavanti.

9. Translate into P±li

1. Having picked fruits from the trees you send (them) to the market.

2. Having heard the Buddha preach the doctrine I become glad.

3. Thinking of collecting corn I go to the field with the farmer.

4. Singing songs you (pl.) look at the birds flying in the sky.

5. I advise the wicked man who oppresses the farmers in the village.

6. We dig pits to plant trees in the park.

7. We know the man who is lighting lamps in the monastery.

8. You (pl.) cross the sea with sailors to reach the island.

9. The king governing the island wins.

10. We begin to learn the dhamma from recluses living in the village.

11. Searching for the truth the wise man goes from city to city.

12. Avoiding the sleeping dog with his foot the child runs home.

13. Wishing to be born in heaven wise men fear to do evil.

14. Departing from the human world wicked men are born in hell (narake).

15. Having invited the hermit from the mountain the king gives him a robe.

16.Trying to understand the truth lay devotees become recluses.

17. Expecting to hear the monk preaching the dhamma lay devotees assemble in the monastery.

18. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears (sotehi), touch with our bodies.

19. I am the king governing the islands.

20. You (pl.) are wicked men who take counsel with thieves.

21. Good men begin to plant trees to protect the world.

22. Having heard the dhamma, the thief wishes to avoid evil.

23. Merchants keep clothes in shops to sell (them) to farmers coming from the villages.

24. The sick man (gil±na) is a messenger of the gods in the human world.

25. There are good men in the world who admonish wicked men.

26. Having picked lotuses from the water, the doctor goes to the monastery to listen to the dhamma.

27. Seeing the Buddha and being pleased the thief throws away the arrows.

28. Wishing to avoid evil I practise virtue.

29. We cook rice to give alms to the monks coming from the monastery.

30. You (pl.) go from island to island searching for gold with merchants.

Lesson 14

1. The Future Tense

The future tense is formed by adding -ssa to the root / verbal base with, or in some cases without, the connecting vowel -i-; the terminations are the same as those in the present tense.

Base paca = to cook

Singular

3rd 	(So) pacissati	= He will cook

2nd 	(Tva½) pacissasi	= You will cook

1st 	(Aha½) paciss±mi	= I will cook

Plural

3rd 	(Te) pacissanti	= They will cook

2nd 	(Tumhe) pacissatha	= You will cook

1st 	(Maya½) paciss±ma	= We will cook

Base core = to steal

Singular

3rd 	(So) coressati

2nd 	(Tva½) coressasi

1st 	(Aha½) coress±mi

Plural

 (Te) coressanti

 (Tumhe) coressatha

 (Maya½) coress±ma

Base kiº± = to buy

Singular

3rd 	(So) kiºissati

2nd 	(Tva½) kiºissasi

1st 	(Aha½) kiºiss±mi

Plural

(Te) kiºissanti

(Tumhe) kiºissatha

(Maya½) kiºiss±ma

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

gacchati	- gamissati	= he will go

±gacchati	- ±gamissati	= he will come

dad±ti	- dadissati / dassati	= he will give

tiµµhati	- µhassati	= he will stand

karoti	- karissati	= he will do

Exercise 14

3. Translate into English

1. So pabbatamh± udenta½ canda½ passitu½ p±s±da½ ±ruhissati.

2. Bh³p±lo corehi d²pa½ rakkhitu½ amaccehi saha mantessati.

3. Aha½ samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ p±puºitv± bhaº¹±ni vikkiºiss±mi.

4. Tumhe vih±ra½ upasaªkamant± magge pupph±ni vikkiºante manusse passissatha.

5. Udaka½ otaritv± vatth±ni dhovanto kassako nah±yitv± geha½ ±gamissati.

6. G±me viharanto tva½ nagara½ gantv± ratha½ ±nessasi.

7. Puñña½ k±tu½ icchant± tumhe sappuris± p±pamitte ovadissatha.

8. Dhamma½ sotu½ uyy±ne nis²dant±na½ up±sak±na½ aha½ p±n²ya½ dass±mi.

9. Maya½ bh³p±l± dhammena d²pe p±less±ma.

10. Rukkha½ p±tetv± phal±ni kh±ditu½ icchanta½ asappurisa½ aha½ akkos±mi.

11. D±na½ dadam±n± s²la½ rakkhant± maya½ samaºehi dhamma½ uggaºhiss±ma.

12. Dh±vantamh± sakaµamh± patanta½ d±raka½ disv± tva½ vejja½ ±nesi.

13. Sacca½ adhigantu½ ussahanto t±paso Tath±gata½ passitu½ ±kaªkhati.

14. Buddhe pas²ditv± up±sako devaputto hutv± saggaloke uppajjati.

15. Udenta½ suriya½ disv± br±hmaºo geh± nikkhamma vandati.

16. D²pa½ pappotu½ ±kaªkham±n± maya½ samudda½ taritu½ n±vika½ pariyes±ma.

17. Amaccassa d³ta½ pahiºitu½ icchanto bh³p±lo aha½ asmi.

18. Puññakamm±ni karont±na½ v±ºij±na½ dhana½ atthi.

19. Maya½ g²t±ni g±yante naccante kum±re olokess±ma.

20. P±pa½ parivajjetv± kusala½ karonte sappurise dev± p³jessanti.

21. Sacca½ bh±sant± asappurise anus±sant± paº¹it± up±sak± bhavissanti.

22. Tva½ dhaññena patta½ p³retv± ±cariyassa dassasi.

23. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± c²vara½ sibbanta½ samaºa½ aha½ upasaªkamiss±mi.

24. Aha½ sayantassa puttassa k±ya½ ±masanto mañcasmi½ nis²d±mi.

25. Uyy±nesu rukkhe ropetu½ samaº± manusse anus±santi.

4. Translate into P±li

1. Having learnt the dhamma from the Buddha I will live righteously (dhammena) in the world.

2. I will advise the king to rule the island righteously with his ministers.

3. Keeping the garment on the seat the child will enter the water to bathe.

4. Having heard the doctrine you (pl.) will become pleased with the Tath±gata.

 5. They who are walking in the forest collecting fruits will desire to drink water.

6. Farmers approaching the city will look at vehicles running on the road.

7. The rising sun will illuminate the world.

8. The trees in the park will bathe in the light of the moon.

9. You (sg.) will be pleased seeing your sons asking questions from the wise man.

10. The children will like to see the parrots eating fruits on the trees.

11. We are doctors coming from the island, you are teachers going to the island.

12. He will take money and go to the shop to buy goods.

13. Having filled the bowl with drinking water the child will give it to the beggar eating rice.

14. Men wishing to get merit will plant trees for people in the world.

15. Searching for wealth wicked men will oppress farmers living righteously in villages.

16. There are fruits on the trees in the mountains.

17. Good men doing meritorious deeds will learn the dhamma from monks.

18. Wise men instruct kings governing the islands.

19. You will buy fish from fishermen coming from the sea.

20. Wishing to learn the dhamma we approach the Buddha.

21. Seeing the jackal coming to the park the children will get frightened.

22. They will go to see the king coming to the village with the ministers.

23. You are a good man who lives righteously.

24. I see a parrot picking a fruit with its beak.

25. We will become good men practising virtue.

Lesson 15

1. The Optative or the Potential Mood

The optative expresses mainly probability and advice, and ideas such as those conveyed by if, might, would, etc. It is formed by adding -eyya to the verbal base before terminations.

Base paca = to cook

Singular

3rd 	(So) paceyya	= If he would cook

2nd 	(Tva½) paceyy±si	= If you would cook

1st 	(Aha½) paceyy±mi	= If I would cook

Plural

3rd 	(Te) paceyyu½	= If they would cook

2nd 	(Tumhe) paceyy±tha	= If you would cook

1st 	(Maya½) paceyy±ma	= If we would cook

It should be observed that the terminations of the second and first persons are similar to those of the present tense.

2. The following particles are useful for construction of sentences.

sace / yadi	= if

ca	= and

pi	= too, also

na	= not

viya	= like, similar

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Sace so bhatta½ paceyya, aham bhuñjeyy±mi.

If he would cook rice I will eat.

2. Sace tva½ iccheyy±si, aha½ cora½ puccheyy±mi.

If you would like, I will question the thief.

3. Yadi aha½ nagare vihareyy±mi, so pi nagara½ 	±gaccheyya.

If I dwell in the city, he too would come to the city.

Plural

1. Sace te bhatta½ paceyyu½, maya½ bhuñjeyy±ma.

If they cook rice we will eat.

2. Sace tumhe iccheyy±tha, maya½ core puccheyy±ma.

If you so wish, we will question the thieves.

3. Yadi maya½ nagare vihareyy±ma, te pi nagara½ 	±gaccheyyu½.

If we dwell in the city, they too will come to the city.

Exercise 15

4. Translate into English

1. Sace tva½ dhamma½ suºeyy±si, addh± (certainly) tva½ Buddhassa s±vako bhaveyy±si.

2. Yadi te g²t±ni g±yitu½ uggaºheyyu½, aha½ pi uggaºheyy±mi.

3. Sace tva½ b²j±ni pahiºeyy±si, kassako t±ni (them) khette vapeyya.

4. Sace tumhe padum±ni ocineyy±tha, kum±r± t±ni Buddhassa p³jeyyu½.

5. Sace tva½ m³la½ gaºheyy±si, aha½ dussa½ ±dadeyy±mi.

6. Yadi maya½ bh³p±lena saha manteyy±ma amacc± na ±gaccheyyu½.

7. Sace tumhe rukkhe ropeyy±tha d±rak± phal±ni bhuñjeyyu½.

8. Sace maya½ sappuris± bhaveyy±ma, putt± pi sappuris± bhaveyyu½.

9. Sace bh³p±l± dhammena d²pe p±leyyu½, maya½ bh³p±lesu pas²deyy±ma.

10. Sace kassako goºa½ vikkiºeyya, v±ºijo ta½ kiºeyya.

11. Sace manusse p²¼ent± asappuris± g±ma½ ±gaccheyyu½ aha½ te ovadeyy±mi.

12. Yadi amacc± p±pa½ parivajeyyu½, manuss± p±pa½ na kareyyu½.

13. Sace tumhe pabbata½ ±ruheyy±tha, ±hiº¹ante mige ca rukkhesu carante makkaµe ca u¹¹ente sakuºe ca passeyy±tha.

14. Sace tva½ pattena p±n²ya½ ±neyy±si pip±sito (thirsty) so piveyya.

15. Kusalakamm±ni katv± tumhe manussaloke uppajitu½ ussaheyy±tha.

16. Sace so vejjo bhaveyya, aha½ ta½ (him) rodanta½ d±raka½ passitu½ ±neyy±mi.

17. Yadi putto p±pa½ kareyya aha½ ta½ (him) ovadeyy±mi.

18. Sace amacco paº¹ita½ ±cariya½ ±neyya maya½ dhamma½ uggaºheyy±ma.

19. Sace aha½ hatthena suva½ phusitu½ ussaheyy±mi so geh± uppateyya.

20. Yadi so vejja½ pakkositu½ iccheyya aha½ ta½ (him) ±neyy±mi.

5. Translate into P±li

1. If you cover the evil deeds your sons do, they will become thieves.

2. If you (pl.) want to become virtuous men avoid evil.

3. If we look with our eyes we will see objects in the world, if we look with our minds we will see good and evil.

4. If you (sg.) start singing a song, the children will start dancing.

5. If we depart from the human world we will not fear to be born in the human world.

6. If gods are born in the human world they will do meritorious deeds.

7. If you search for the truth you will approach the Buddha living in the monastery.

8. If you admonish the merchant he will become a virtuous man.

9. If I invite the monk he will come home to preach the dhamma.

10. If you are a good man you will not kill oxen roaming in the forest.

11. If you do work in the field you will get wealth and corn.

12. If the king wishes to govern the island righteously he will discuss with wise men and ministers.

13. If you work in the field you will see farmers ploughing.

14. I see boys playing in the park with a monkey.

15. If they want to see birds singing they will go to the park.

16. If you listen to the dhamma you will be able to live righteously.

17. If you avoid evil friends (p±pamitte) you will become a good man.

18. If the minister is not a good man we will not approach him.

19. If there are fruits on the tree I will climb to pick them (t±ni).

20. If I pick fruits you will eat them with friends.

Lesson 16

1. The Imperative

The imperative mood expresses a command, benediction, prayer or wish.

Base paca - to cook

Singular

3rd 	(So) pacatu	= Let him cook

2nd 	(Tva½) paca,pac±hi	= You cook

1st 	(Aha½) pac±mi	= Let me cook

Plural

3rd 	(Te) pacantu	= Let them cook

2nd 	(Tumhe) pacatha	= You cook

1st 	(Maya½) pac±ma	= Let us cook

It should be observed that the second person plural and first person singular and plural have the same forms as in the present tense.

The prohibitive particle m± is also used with the imperative.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. So v±ºij±na½ bhatta½ pacatu.

Let him cook rice for the merchants.

2. Tva½ rathena nagara½ gaccha / gacch±hi.

You go to the city in the vehicle.

3. Aha½ dhamma½ uggaºh±mi.

Let me learn the dhamma.

Plural

1. Te v±ºij±na½ bhatta½ pacantu.

Let them cook rice for the merchants.

2. Tumhe rathena nagara½ gacchatha.

You go to the city in the vehicle.

3. Maya½ dhamma½ uggaºh±ma.

Let us learn the dhamma.

The prohibitive particle m±

1. M± tumhe sacca½ parivajjetha.

You do not avoid the truth.

2. M± te uyy±namhi pupph±ni ocinantu.

Let them not pick flowers in the park.

Exercise 16

3. Translate into English

1. Bh³p±l± dhammena d²pa½ p±lentu.

2. M± manusso bh±yatu, sace so sacca½ j±n±ti, bh±satu.

3. Tumhe p±pa½ karonte putte ovadatha.

4. Sugato dhamma½ desetu, s±vak± ca up±sak± ca vih±rasmi½ nis²danti.

5. M± te p±pakamm±ni katv± manussalokamh± cavitv± narake (in purgatory) uppajjantu.

6. M± cor± kassak±na½ goºe m±rentu.

7. M± tva½ sunakha½ ±mas±hi, so ta½ (you) ¹aseyya.

8. Tumhe d²pe j±letv± vih±rasmi½ r³p±ni oloketha.

9. Tumhe asappurise ±mantetv± dhammena j²vitu½ anus±satha.

10. Putta, m± tva½ p±pamitte upasaªkama.

11. Sace tumhe saccam bh±situ½ ussaheyy±tha, tumhe sappuris± bhaveyy±tha.

12. Sace tva½ p±s±ºe khipeyy±si, k±k± ca sakuº± ca ±k±sa½ uppateyyu½.

13. M± d±raka p±n²ya½ pivitv± patta½ bhinda.

14. M± suvaººa½ coretv± gacchant± cor± samudda½ tarantu.

15. Up±saka, m± putte akkos±hi, samaºehi saddhi½ mantetv± putte anus±s±hi.

4. Translate into P±li

1. May the king ruling the island protect the people righteously.

2. Let the children playing in the park collect falling leaves.

3. Let the farmers and merchants assemble in the king's park.

4. Let the sons climb the mountain to see lions, deer and birds.

5. Do not cut trees in forests if you wish to protect deer.

6. Let the child not come down the stairway, he will fall.

7. Let the farmer plough the fields and sow seeds, let him not kill goats.

8. Let the parrots fly taking fruits with their beaks.

9. Sons, do not commit sins, live righteously.

10. May the disciples of the Buddha get alms and robes.

11. Let the children come out of the house and see the moon rising from the mountain.

12. Boys, do not go and kill deer in the forest with the hunter.

13. You (pl.) run home and bring water for the farmers ploughing the field.

14. Do not ask questions from the king's messenger.

15. You lay devotees should try to avoid evil and do good deeds.

Lesson 17

1. The Past Tense

Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -a.

Base paca = to cook

Singular

3rd 	(So) apaci, paci	= He cooked

2nd 	(Tva½) apaci, paci	= You cooked

1st 	(Aha½) apaci½, paci½	= I cooked

Plural

3rd 	(Te) apaci½su, paci½su	= They cooked

2nd 	(Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha	= You cooked

1st 	(Maya½) apacimha, pacimha	= We cooked

It should be noted that a- in apaci, apaci½su etc. is not a negative prefix. It is the augment (optional) denoting the past tense.

Verbs whose bases end in -n± are also conjugated in the past tense as above.

Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -e

Base core = to steal

Singular

3rd 	(So) coresi, corayi	= He stole

2nd 	(Tva½) coresi	= You stole

1st 	(Aha½) coresi½, corayi½	= I stole

Plural

3rd 	(Te) coresu½, corayi½su	= They stole

2nd 	(Tumhe) corayitha	= You stole

1st 	(Maya½) corayimha	= We stole

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Bh³p±lo d²pe cari / acari	- The king wandered in the island.

Samaºo dhamma½ desesi	- The monk preached the dhamma.

2. Tva½ bhaº¹±ni vikkiºi	- You sold goods.

Tva½ pupph±ni p³jesi	- You offered the flowers.

3. Aha½ pabbata½ ±ruhi½	- I climbed the mountain.

Aha½ d²pa½ j±lesi½ / 	- I lit the lamp.

j±layi½

Plural

1. Bh³p±l± d²pesu cari½su / 	- Kings wandered in the islands.

acari½su

Samaº± dhamma½ desesu½ / 	- Monks preached the dhamma.

desayi½su

2. Tumhe bhaº¹±ni vikkiºittha	- You sold goods.

Tumhe pupph±ni p³jayittha	- You offered flowers.

3. Maya½ pabbate ±ruhimha	- We climbed mountains.

Maya½ d²pe j±layimha	- We lit lamps.

Exercise 17

3. Translate into English

1. Kassako khetta½ kasitv± nah±yitu½ udaka½ otari.

2. Uggaºhant±na½ d±rak±na½ d±tu½ ±cariy± kusum±ni ±hari½su.

3. Up±sak± ±sanehi uµµhahitv± dhamma½ desetu½ upasaªkamanta½ samaºa½ vandi½su.

4. Nagaresu kamm±ni katv± vetane labhitu½ ±kaªkham±n± nar± g±mehi nikkhami½su.

5. µcariyo ±sana½ dussena ch±detv± samaºa½ nis²ditu½ nimantesi.

6. Kum±ro dv±ra½ vivaritv± rukkhamh± oruhante v±nare passam±no aµµh±si (stood).

7. Paº¹ito goºe coretv± akusala½ karonte nare pakkositv± ovadi.

8. Y±cakassa putt± rukkhehi patant±ni phal±ni sa½haritv± ±paºasmi½ vikkiºi½su.

9. Kassako dhañña½ minitv± v±ºijassa vikkiºitu½ pahiºi.

10. Dhamma½ uggaºhitv± samaºo bhavitu½ ±kaªkham±no amacco ±cariya½ pariyesam±no Buddha½ upasaªkami.

11. Sace tumhe g±ma½ p±puºeyy±tha mitte olokeyy±tha.

12. Paº¹itamh± pañhe pucchitv± sacca½ j±nitu½ m±tulo ussahi.

13. P±s±ºamhi µhatv± aja½ kh±danta½ s²ha½ disv± v±nar± bh±yi½su.

14. Rukkham³le nis²ditv± git±ni g±yant±na½ kum±r±na½ k±yesu paºº±ni ca pupph±ni ca pati½su.

15. Tumhe dhana½ sa½haram±n± m± samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ gacchatha.

16. µpaºasmi½ bhaº¹±ni vikkiºantassa v±ºijassa ratho atthi.

17. Aha½ puttassa d±tu½ dussa½ sibbanto g²ta½ g±yi½.

18. S³kar± ca sunakh± ca khette ±v±µe khaºi½su.

19. Puris± rukkham³le nis²ditv± t±pasena bh±sam±na½ suºi½su.

20. Luddakena saddhi½ vane ±hiº¹ante putte ±mantetv± kassak± akkosi½su.

21. M± tva½ suvaººapatta½ vikkiºitv± khagge kiº±hi.

22. So bhaº¹±ni ca khetta½ ca goºe ca putt±na½ daµv± geha½ pah±ya samaºo bhavitu½ cintesi.

23. Dhammena j²vant± sappuris± mige na m±resu½.

24. Aha½ sop±na½ ±ruhi½, te sop±namh± oruhi½su.

25. Sah±yak± udaka½ otaritv± nah±yant± padum±ni ocini½su.

4. Translate into P±li

1. The child sprinkled the lotuses with water and honoured the Buddha with them.

2. Having received the pay the men went to the market and bought goods.

3. The fisherman brought fish from the sea and sold them to the farmers.

4. If you go to bathe wash the clothes of the children.

5. The parrots and the crows flew into the sky from the trees.

6. Do not scold the children playing under the tree with the dog.

7. I spoke to the people sitting in the park having assembled to see the king.

8. We got frightened seeing a serpent enter the house.

9. I gave water to my son eating rice together with his friend.

10. Do not do evil, do good to enter heaven after departing from the human world.

Lesson 18

1. Declension of feminine nouns ending in -±

Vanit± - woman

Singular

Nom.	vanit±

Voc.	vanite

Acc.	vanita½

Ins.	vanit±ya

Abl.	vanit±ya

Dat.	vanit±ya

Gen. 	vanit±ya

Loc.	vanit±ya, vanit±ya½

Plural

vanit±, vanit±yo

vanit±, vanit±yo

vanit±, vanit±yo

vanit±hi (vanit±bhi)

vanit±hi (vanit±bhi)

vanit±na½

vanit±na½

vanit±su

2. The following nouns are similarly declined:

(Most nouns ending in -± are feminine).

kaññ± / d±rik±	- girl

gaªg±	- river Ganges

n±v±	- ship

amm±	- mother

paññ±	- wisdom

s±l±	- hall

bhariy±	- wife

sabh±	- assembly

kath±	- speech

lat±	- creeper

guh±	- cave

ch±y±	- shadow

v±luk±	- sand

mañj³s±	- box

m±l±	- garland

sur±	- liquor

s±kh±	- branch

devat±	- deity

paris±	- retinue

saddh±	- faith, devotion

g²v±	- neck

jivh±	- tongue

pip±s±	- thirst

khud±	- hunger

3. Vocabulary - Verbs

sakkoti	- can, is able

pariv±reti	- accompanies, 	surrounds

niv±reti	- prevents

anubandhati	- follows, 	chases after

kujjhati	- gets angry

namassati	- salutes,

worships

poseti	- brings up, 	nourishes

v±yamati	- tries

nil²yati	- hides

sallapati	- engages in 	conversation

modati	- is happy, 	 enjoys

sukha½ vindati	- experiences 	joy

dukkha½ vindati	- experiences 	suffering

paµiy±deti	- prepares

pakkhipati	- puts, places,

deposits

Exercise 18

4. Translate into English

1. Sace sabh±ya½ kaññ±yo katheyyu½ aham pi kathess±mi.

2. D±rik±yo pupph±ni ocinitv± s±l±ya½ nis²ditv± m±l±yo kari½su.

3. Vanit± rukkhassa s±kh±yo chinditv± ±ka¹¹hi.

4. Bhariy± mañj³s±su vatth±ni ca suvaººa½ ca µhapesi.

5. D±rik± p±s±dassa ch±y±ya½ nis²ditv± v±luk±ya k²¼i½su.

6. Bhariy±ya katha½ sutv± pas²ditv± kassako sappuriso abhavi.

7. Devat±yo puññ±ni karonte dhammena j²vante manusse rakkhantu.

8. Pabbatasmi½ guh±su vasant± s²h± v±luk±ya k²¼ante mige m±resu½.

9. Amm± d±rik±ya kujjhitv± hatthena pahari.

10. Vanit±yo saddh±ya bhatta½ pacitv± vih±ra½ netv± samaº±na½ p³jesu½

11. Tumhe m± sura½ pivatha, m± gil±n± (sick) bhavitu½ ussahatha.

12. Dhammena dhana½ sa½haram±n± paññ±ya putte posent± nar± manussaloke sukha½ vindanti.

13. Sace tumhe n±v±ya gaªga½ tareyy±tha d²pasmi½ vasante t±pase disv± ±gantu½ sakkissatha.

14. Parisa½ pariv±retv± p±s±damh± nikkhamanta½ bh³p±la½ disv± vanit±yo modanti.

15. Kaññ±yo s±l±ya½ sannipatitv± kum±rehi saddhi½ sallapi½su.

16. Khud±ya p²¼enta½ gil±na½ y±caka½ disv± amm± bhatta½ adadi / ad±si.

17. Guh±ya½ nil²yitv± sura½ pivant± cor± s²ha½ passitv± bh±yi½su.

18. Var±he m±retv± j²vanto naro gil±no hutv± dukkha½ vindati.

19. V±ºijassa ±paºe mañj³s±ya½ m³la½ (money) atthi.

20. Samaº± manusse p±p± niv±retv± sappurese k±tu½ v±yamanti.

5. Translate into P±li

1. The man stood on the road asking my mother the way to go to the monastery.

2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the monastery.

3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.

4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.

5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.

6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.

7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.

8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.

9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.

10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave the woman ran.

Lesson 19

1.The Past Participle

Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-.

pacati	- pac + i + ta	= pacita	= cooked

bh±sati	- bh±s + i + ta	= bh±sita	= spoken

y±cati	- y±c + i + ta	= y±cita	= begged

deseti	- dis' + i + ta	= desita	= preached

p³jeti	- p³j + i + ta	= p³jita	= honoured

gacchati	- gam + ta	= gata	= gone

hanati	- han + ta	= hata	= killed

nayati / neti	- n² + ta	= n²ta	= led

The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.

chindati	- chid + na	= chinna	= cut

bhindati	- bhid + na	= bhinna	= broken

nis²dati	- ni + sad + na	= nisinna	= seated

tarati	- tÏ + na	= tiººa	= crossed

2. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning. They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter, and -± ending nouns in the feminine.

Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore:

pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)

chinna½ paººa½ = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)

nimantit± kaññ± = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).

But gacchati, patati, tiµµhati are intransitive verbs. Therefore:

manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning);

puppha½ patita½ (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active

meaning); kaññ± µhit± (hoti) = the girl has stood (active meaning).

3. The following are some past participles

kasati	- kasita, kaµµha

pucchati	- pucchita, puµµha

pacati	- pacita, pakka

¹asati	- daµµha

phusati	- phuµµha

pavisati	- paviµµha

±masati	- ±masita, 	±maµµha

labhati	- laddha, labhita

±rabhati	- ±raddha

bhavati	- bh³ta

bhuñjati	- bhuñjita, bhutta

vapati	- vutta

vasati	- vuttha

±siñcati	- ±sitta

khipati	- khitta

dhovati	- dhovita, dhota

pajahati	- pah²na

vivarati	- vivaµa

pivati	- p²ta

cavati	- cuta

hanati	- hata

nikkhamati	- nikkhanta

j±n±ti	- ñ±ta

suº±ti	- suta

min±ti	- mita

gaºh±ti	- gahita

kiº±ti	- k²ta

p±puº±ti	- patta

karoti	- kata

tiµµhati	- µhita

harati	- haµa

kujjhati	- kuddha

dad±ti	- dinna

pas²dati	- pasanna

(passati)	- diµµha, (dÏ³)

muñcati	- mutta

4. Examples in sentence formation

1. Up±sakehi vih±ra½ paviµµho Buddho diµµho hoti.

The Buddha who entered the monastery was seen by the lay devotees.

2. Te Buddhena desita½ dhamma½ suºi½su.

They listened to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.

3. D±rik±ya ±haµ±ni bhaº¹±ni amm± piµakesu pakkhipi.

The mother put in baskets the goods brought by the girl.

4. V±nijo patitassa rukkhassa s±kh±yo chindi.

The merchant cut the branches of the fallen tree.

5. Maya½ udakena ±sittehi pupphehi Buddha½ p³jema.

We may worship the Buddha with flowers sprinkled with water.

6. Kassakena kasite khette s³karo sayati.

A pig sleeps in the field ploughed by the farmer.

Exercise 19

5. Translate into English

1. Amm±ya mañj³s±ya½ pakkhitta½ suvaººa½ d±rik± na gaºhi.

2. Dhot±ni vatth±ni gahetv± bhariy± udakamh± uttari.

3. Kassakehi uyy±ne ropitesu rukkhesu phal±ni bhavi½su.

4. Buddh± devehi ca narehi ca p³jit± honti.

5. Udakena p³rita½ patta½ gahetv± vanit± geha½ ±gat± hoti.

6. Adhammena (unrighteously) d²pa½ p±lentena bh³p±lena p²¼it± manuss± kuddh± honti.

7. Pakka½ (ripe) phala½ tuº¹ena gahetv± u¹¹enta½ suva½ aha½ apassi½.

8. Udento suriyo br±hmaºena namassito hoti.

9. Amm±ya j±lita½ d²pa½ ±daya putto vih±ra½ paviµµho hoti.

10. Vanit±ya dussena ch±dite ±sane samaºo nis²ditv± sannipatit±ya paris±ya dhamma½ desesi.

11. Kassakena khetta½ ±n²t± goº± tiºa½ kh±dant± ±hiº¹i½su.

12. V±ºij± mañj³s±su µhapit±ni duss±ni na vikkiºi½su

13. Sace tva½ sacca½ j±neyy±si m± putta½ akkosa.

14. N±v±ya nikkhant± nar± samudda½ taritv± d²pa½ p±puºitv± bhariy±hi saddhi½ kathent± modanti.

15. Magge µhite v±ºijassa sakaµe aha½ kaññ±ya ±n²t±ni bhaº¹±ni µhapesi½.

16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetv± j²vant± manuss± devat±hi rakkhit± honti.

17. S±vakehi ca up±sakehi ca pariv±rito Buddho vih±rassa ch±y±ya nisinno hoti.

18. Amm±ya p±pehi niv±rit± putt± sappuris± hutv± dhamma½ suºanti.

19. Kassake p²¼ent± cor± paº¹itena anus±sit± sappuris± bhavitu½ v±yamant± up±sakehi saddhi½ uyy±ne rukkhe ropenti.

20. Vanit± putt±ya paµiy±ditamh± bhattamh± khud±ya p²¼itassa y±cakassa thoka½ (little) datv± p±n²ya½ ca dadi / ad±si.

21. Sabh±ya½ nis²ditv± d±rik±ya g±yita½ g²ta½ sutv± kaññ±yo modi½su.

22. Amaccena nimantit± puris± s±l±ya½ nis²ditu½ asakkont± (unable) uyy±ne sannipati½su.

23. Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi b²jehi thoka½ (little) sakuº± kh±di½su.

24. Kum±rehi rukkham³le nil²yitv± sayanto sappo diµµho hoti.

25. V±ºijena d²pamh± ±haµ±ni vatth±ni kiºitu½ vanit±yo icchanti.

26. Sace bh³p±lo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kamm±ni katv± d±rake posent± sukha½ vindeyyu½.

27. Puttena y±cit± amm± mitt±na½ odana½ paµiy±desi.

28. Amaccena puµµha½ pañha½ adhigantu½ asakkonto cor±na½ d³to cintetu½ ±rabhi.

29. Corehi guh±ya½ nil²yit±ni bhaº¹±ni passitv± v±nar± t±ni (them) ±d±ya rukkhe ±ruhi½su.

3o. Aha½ pariyesita½ dhamma½ adhigantv± mod±mi.

6. Translate into P±li

1. The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.

2. The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.

3. The king is seated in the chariot drawn by horses.

4. Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.

5. The children went out of the open door.

6. The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.

7. Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.

8. The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women.

9. I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest

10. Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (s²gha½) ran home.

11. The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.

12. We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.

13. You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.

14. Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.

15. Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.

16. The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.

17. The girl being called by the mother ran home to eat rice.

18. The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.

19. The farmer who makes a living righteously, ploughing his fields experiences happiness with his wife and children.

20. Deities who have departed from the world of gods and are born in the human world rejoice listening to the dhamma preached by the Buddha.

21. The thieves who were instructed by the monk became good men.

22. There were no fruits on the trees planted by the farmer.

23. Bitten by the dog the girl ran home and cried.

24. The minister is not known to the doctor.

25. Seated under the tree the girls played with sand.

26. Sons, do not drink liquor.

27. Mothers prevent children from evil.

28. I gave water to the dog oppressed with thirst.

29. Seeing the hunter coming we hid among the trees.

30. We prepared alms with faith and gave to the monks.

Lesson 20

1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -i

Bh³mi = earth, ground

Singular

Nom.	bh³mi

Voc.	bh³mi

Acc.	bh³mi½

Ins.	bh³miy±

Abl.	bh³miy±

Dat.	bh³miy±

Gen.	bh³miy±

Loc.	bh³miy±, bh³miya½

Plural

bh³m², bh³miyo

bh³m², bh³miyo

bh³m², bh³miyo

bh³m²hi, (bh³m²bhi)

bh³m²hi, (bh³m²bhi)

bh³m²na½

bh³m²na½

bh³m²su

Feminine nouns ending in -² are also similarly declined with the only exception being the nominative and vocative singular which end in-².

2. Vocabulary

Feminine nouns ending in -i

aªguli	- finger

aµavi	- forest

ratti	- night

doºi	- boat

yuvati	- maiden

yaµµhi	- walking stick

asani	- thunderbolt

n±¼i	- unit of measure

rasmi	- ray

iddhi	- psychic power

sammajjani	- broom

Feminine nouns ending in -²

nad²	- river

n±r² / itth²	- woman

taruº²	- young woman

bhagin²	- sister

v±p²	- tank

pokkharaº²	- pond

kadal²	- banana

br±hmaº²	- brahmin woman

g±v²	- cow

r±jin² / dev²	- queen

kum±r²	- girl

3. Verbs

vy±karoti	- explains

pattheti	- aspires

vissajjeti	- spends

±roceti	- informs

muñcati	- releases

n²hareti	- takes out

peseti	- sends

paµicc±deti	- conceals

veµheti	- wraps

viheµheti	- harasses

Exercise 20

4. Translate into English

1. Bh³p±lo r±jiniy± saddhi½ n±v±ya nadi½ taranto udake carante macche olokento amaccehi saddhi½ katheti.

2. P±niya½ pivitv± d±rik±ya bh³miya½ nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.

3. Kassak±na½ g±viyo aµaviya½ ±hiº¹itv± khetta½ ±gami½su.

4. Rattiy± samuddasmi½ patit± candassa rasmiyo oloketv± taruºiyo modi½su.

5. Up±sak± iddhiy± ±k±se gacchanta½ t±pasa½ disv± pasann± honti.

6. Bhaginiy± saddhi½ pokkharaºiy± t²re (bank) µhatva so padum±ni ocinitu½ v±yami.

7. N±riyo v±p²su nah±yitu½ v± (or) vatth±ni dhovitu½ v± na icchi½su.

8. Yuvatiy± puµµha½ pañha½ vy±k±tu½ asakkonto aha½ t±ya (with her) saddhi½ sallapitu½ ±rabhi½.

9. Asappurisena puttena kata½ p±pakamma½ paµicch±detu½ amm± na ussahi.

10. Bhaginiy± dussena veµhetv± mañcasmi½ µhapita½ bhaº¹a½ itth² mañj³s±ya½ pakkhipi.

11. M± tumhe magge sayanta½ kukkura½ viheµhetha.

12. Sappuriso amacco dhana½ vissajjetv± y±cak±na½ vasitu½ s±l±yo g±mesu karitv± bh³p±la½ ±rocesi.

13. Kum±ro suva½ hatthamh± muñcitv± ta½ u¹¹enta½ passam±no rodanto rukkham³le aµµh±si.

14. Saddh±ya d±na½ dadam±n± kusala½ karont± sappuris± puna(again) manussaloke uppajjitu½ patthenti.

15. Kum±ro mañj³sa½ vivaritv± s±µaka½ n²haritv± amm±ya pesesi.

5. Translate into P±li

1. There are lotuses and fishes in ponds in the king's park.

2. The young women picked lotuses from the tank and kept them on the ground.

3. The queen spoke with her sisters who came having crossed the river by boat.

4. I saw the dog chasing the cow in the field.

5. Women and girls did not climb trees to pick fruits and flowers.

6. You (pl.) went to the river to bathe and got frightened hearing the peal of thunder (asanisadda½).

7. You (pl.) do not conceal the evil committed with your friends.

8. If you spent money to buy clothes, inform your mother.

9. Send the lotuses wrapped in lotus leaves to the young girls seated in the hall.

10. We can explain the questions asked by the women in the assembly.

Lesson 21

1. The Present Participle (contd.)

This lesson is a continuation of Lesson 11 and should be studied together with that lesson. It was learnt in Lesson 11 that -nta / -m±na are added to the base of verbs which end in -a, to form the present participle masculine and neutuer genders. e.g.:

paca + nta	= pacanta

paca + m±na	= pacam±na

They are declined like -a ending nouns in these two genders.

Further it should be noted that with verbs whose base ends in -e / -aya, -nta is usually added to the base ending in -e; and -m±na is added to the base ending in -aya. e.g.:

core + nta	= corenta

coraya + m±na	= corayam±na

With verbs whose base ends in -n± both -nta / -m±na are generally added, but the -n± is shortened to -na. e.g.:

kiº± + nta	= kiºanta

kiº± + m±na	= kiºam±na

suº± + nta	= suºanta

suº± + m±na	= suºam±na

Present participles ending in -nta occur more frequently in P±li literature than those ending in -m±na.

2. The present participle feminine gender is formed by adding -nt² / -m±n± to the verbal base. e.g.:

paca + nt²	= pacant²

paca + m±n±	= pacam±n±

core + nt²	= corent²

coraya + m±n±	= corayam±n±

kiº± + nt²	= kiºant²

kiº± + m±n±	= kiºam±n±

When -nt² is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine nouns ending in -². When -m±n± is added it is declined like feminine nouns ending in -±.

Declension of pacant²

Singular

Nom.	pacant²

Voc.	pacant²

Acc.	pacanti½

Ins.	pacantiy±

Abl.	pacantiy±

Dat.	pacantiy±

Gen.	pacantiy±

Loc.	pacantiy±, pacantiya½

Plural

pacant², pacantiyo

pacant², pacantiyo

pacant², pacantiyo

pacant²hi (pacant²bhi)

pacant²hi (pacant²bhi)

pacant²na½

pacant²na½

pacant²su

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Amm± bhatta½ pacant² kaññ±ya saddhi½ katheti.

Cooking rice the mother speaks with the girl.

2. Kaññ± bhatta½ pacanti½ amma½ passati.

The girl sees the mother cooking rice.

3. Kaññ± bhatta½ pacantiy± amm±ya udaka½ deti.

The girl gives water to the mother cooking rice.

Plural

1. Bhatta½ pacantiyo amm±yo kaññ±hi saddhi½ kathenti.

Cooking rice mothers speak with girls.

2. Kaññ±yo bhatta½ pacantiyo amm±yo passanti.

Girls see mothers cooking rice.

3. Kaññ±yo bhatta½ pacant²na½ amm±na½ udaka½ denti.

Girls give water to mothers cooking rice.

Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they qualify.

Exercise 21

4. Translate into English

1. Khette phal±ni corent² d±rik± kassaka½ disv± bh±yitv± dh±vitu½ ±rabhi.

2. Buddhassa s±vakena desita½ dhamma½ sutv± yuvati sacca½ adhigantu½ icchant² amm±ya saddhi½ mantesi.

3. Sayanta½ sunakha½ ±masant² kum±r² gehadv±re nisinn± hoti.

4. R±jin² n±r²hi puµµhe pañhe vyakaront² sabh±ya½ nisinn± parisa½ ±mantetv± katha½ kathesi.

5. Aµavi½ gantv± rukkha½ chinditv± s±kh±yo ±ka¹¹hantiyo itthiyo sig±le disv± bh±yi½su.

6. Gehadv±re nis²ditv± dussa½ sibbant² bhagin² g²ta½ g±yati.

7. Asappuriso p±pakamm±ni paµicch±detv± up±sakehi saddhi½ sallapanto vih±rasmi½ ±sane nisinno hoti.

8. S±takena veµhetv± nil²yita½ suvaººa½ passitu½ ±kaªkham±n± yuvati ovarakassa (room) dv±ra½ vivari.

9. Sace tva½ mula½ vissajjetu½ iccheyy±si, m± vattha½ kiº±hi.

10. Sace tumhe bh³p±lassa d³ta½ pesetha amacce pi ±rocetha.

11. Kassako chinn± sakh±yo khettamh± n²haritv± aµaviya½ pakkhipi.

12. Pokkaraºiy± t²re (bank) µhatv± kadaliphala½ kh±dant² kaññ± bhaginiy± dinna½ paduma½ gaºhi.

13. Amh±ka½ (our) hatthap±desu v²sati (twenty) aªguliyo santi.

14. Rattiy± geh± nikkhamitu½ bh±yant² kaññ± dv±ra½ na vivari.

15. Sace tva½ yaµµhiy± kukkura½ pahareyy±si so ¹aseyya.

16. Maya½ sappuris± bhavitu½ ±kaªkham±n± samaºe upasaªkamma dhamma½ sutv± kusala½ k±tu½ ±rabhimha.

17. P±pakammehi anubandhit± asappuris± cor± niraye (purgatory) uppajjitv± dukkha½ vindanti.

18. M± puñña½ parivajjetv± p±pa½ karotha, sace kareyy±tha manussalokamh± cavitv± dukkha½ vindissatha.

19. Sace tumhe sagge uppajjitv± moditu½ patthetha puññ±ni karotha.

20. Sacca½ ñ±tu½ ussahant± br±hmaº± sah±yakehi saha mantayi½su.

21. N±riy± pañjare (cage) pakkhitt± suk± kadaliphala½ kh±dant± nisinn± honti.

22. Goºa½ viheµhetu½ na icchanto v±ºijo sakaµamh± bhaº¹±ni n²haritva bh³miya½ nikkhipitv± kassaka½ ±rocesi.

23. Aµaviya½ viharant± mig± ca goº± ca var±h± ca s²hamh± bh±yanti.

24. Samaº± saddh±ya up±sakehi dinna½ bhuñjitv± sacca½ adhigantu½ v±yamant± s²l±ni rakkhanti.

25. Rattiy± nikkhant± doºi nadi½ taritv± pabh±te (in the morning) d²pa½ p±puºi.

26. Gehassa ch±y±ya µhatv± d±rik±ya bh³miya½ nikkhitta½ odana½ sunakho kh±ditu½ ±rabhi.

27. Bhariy±ya n±¼iy± mita½ dhañña½ ±d±ya kassako ±paºa½ gato hoti.

28. U¹¹ente k±ke disv± v±luk±ya ca udakena ca k²¼ant² d±rik± hasam±n± dh±vi.

29. Ratha½ p±jetu½ (to drive) uggaºhanto puriso dakkho (clever) rath±cariyo bhavitu½ v±yami.

30. Vivaµamh± dv±ramh± nikkhant± kum±r± pañjarehi mutt± sakuº± viya (like) uyy±na½ dh±vi½su.

5. Translate into P±li

1. Seated on the bed the girl drank the milk given by her mother.

2. Taking the pots (ghaµe) and talking the women went to the river to bring water.

3. Without wishing to harass the bird the woman released him from the cage (pañjara).

4. Unable (asakkoti) to pick the fruits from the tree the young girl called the farmer.

5. There is no (natthi) milk in the bowl of the crying child.

6. The girls who were singing under the tree started dancing.

7. Being chased by the hunter and his dogs the deer ran into the forest.

8. Wishing to get profit the women sold garments in shops.

9. In order to buy oil (tela) to light lamps the boy went from shop to shop.

10. I gave the box to the girl sitting in the shade of the tree.

11. The girls laughed pulling the creeper from the tree.

12. They who oppress women and children are wicked men.

13. We see with our eyes the rays of the sun falling on the ground.

14. Hitting with a stick the woman killed the serpent entering the house.

15. Putting fruits and flowers in boxes sisters sat at the open door.

16. If you will come out of water and protect the child I will step into the pond and bathe.

17. We got angry with the women committing evil and left the hall.

18. Do not shoot the cows and deer roaming in the park, the king and queen will get angry.

19. May the king and his ministers not oppress the people living in the island.

20. I gave rice to the starving dogs walking on the road.

Lesson 22

1. The Future Passive Participle

The future passive participle or the potential participle as it is sometimes called, is formed by adding -tabba / -an²ya to the base of the verb; -tabba is mostly added with the connecting vowel -i-. These participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter genders, and like ± ending nouns in the feminine. They express ideas such as 'must,' 'should be' and 'fit to be.'

pacati	- pacitabba / pacan²ya

bhuñjati	- bhuñjitabba / bhojan²ya

karoti	- k±tabba / karaº²ya

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Amm± pacitabbam / pacan²ya½ taº¹ula½ (raw rice) 	piµake µhapesi.

The mother kept the (raw) rice which is to be cooked in 	the basket.

2. D±rik±ya bhuñjitabba½ / bhojan²ya½ odana½ aha½ na 	bhuñjiss±mi.

I will not eat the rice which should be eaten by the girl.

3. Kassakena k±tabba½ / karaº²ya½ kamma½ k±tu½ tva½ 	icchasi.

You wish to do the work that should be done by the 	farmer.

Exercise 22

3. Translate into English

1. Up±sakehi samaº± vanditabb± honti.

2. Mañj³s±ya½ nikkhipitabba½ suvaººa½ m± mañcasmi½ µhapehi.

3. Sappuris± p³jan²ye p³jenti, asappuris± tath± (likewise) na karonti.

4. Bh³p±lena rakkhitabba½ d²pa½ amacc± na samm± (well) p±lenti.

5. Manussehi dhammo uggaºhitabbo, sacca½ adhigantabba½ hoti.

6. Kum±r²hi ±haµ±ni pupph±ni udakena ±siñcitabb±ni honti.

7. Corena gahita½ bhaginiy± dhana½ pariyesitabba½ hoti.

8. Uyy±ne ropit± rukkh± na chinditabb± honti.

9. Dhotabb±ni duss±ni gahetv± yuvatiyo hasam±n± pokkharaºi½ otari½su.

10. Samaºehi ovaditabb± kum±r± vih±ram na gami½su.

11. Kassakena kasitabba½ khetta½ vikkiºitu½ v±ºijo ussahi.

12. µpaºesu µhapit±ni vikkiºitabb±ni bhaº¹±ni kiºitu½ te na icchi½su.

13. Amm± kh±dan²y±ni ca bhojan²y±ni ca paµiy±detv± d±rak±na½ deti.

14. Manussehi d±n±ni d±tabb±ni, s²l±ni rakkhitabb±ni, puññ±ni k±tabb±ni.

15. Goº±na½ d±tabb±ni tiº±ni kassako khettamh± ±hari.

16. Mig± p±n²ya½ udaka½ pariyesant± aµaviya½ ±hiº¹i½su.

17. Darik±ya d±tu½ phal±ni ±paº±ya v± (or) khettamh± v± ±haritabb±ni honti.

18. Kathetabba½ v± akathetabba½* v± aj±nanto asappuriso m± sabh±ya½ nis²datu.

19. Tumhe bh³p±l± amaccehi ca paº¹itehi ca samaºehi ca anus±sitabb± hotha.

20. Up±sakena puµµho pañho paº¹itena vy±k±tabbo hoti.

21. Bh³p±lassa uyy±ne vasant± mig± ca sakun± ca luddakehi na hantabb± honti.

22. Kusala½ aj±nitv± p±pa½ karont± kum±r± na akkositabb±, te samaºehi ca paº¹itehi ca sappurisehi ca anus±sitabb±.

23. Asappuris± parivajjetabb±, m± tumhe tehi saddhi½ (with them) g±me ±hiº¹atha.

24. Sur± na p±tabb±, sace piveyy±tha tumhe gil±n± bhavissatha.

25. Dhammena j²vant± manuss± devehi rakkhitabb± honti.

4. Translate into P±li

1. At night people should light lamps.

2. The merchant brought horses to be sold to the farmers.

3. Objects should be seen with eyes, tastes (ras±ni) should be enjoyed with the tongue.

4. The dog should not be hit with sticks and stones.

5. People in the island should be protected by the king and his ministers.

6. Flowers should not be picked by men walking in the park.

7. The corn should be measured by the farmer with his wife.

8. Men should not do evil.

9. Grass and water should be given to oxen and goats.

10. The assembly should be addressed by the teacher's sister.

11. The lions sleeping in the caves should not be approached by men.

12. The mother's clothes should be washed by the girl.

Lesson 23

1. The Causative

Causative verbs are formed by adding -e / -aya / -±pe / -±paya to the root or verbal base. Sometimes the vowel in the root is strengthened when the suffixes are added. Verbal bases ending in -e / -aya invariably take the suffixes -ape / -±paya to form the causative.

pacati 	- p±ceti / p±cayati / pac±peti / p±c±payati

bhuñjati 	- bhojeti / bhoj±peti

coreti 	- cor±peti / cor±payati

kin±ti 	- kiº±peti / kiº±payati

karoti 	- k±reti / k±r±payati

dad±ti / deti 	-d±peti / d±payati

In sentences with causative verbs the agent carrying out the action is expressed by the accusative or the instrumental case.

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Amm± bhagini½ bhatta½ pac±peti.

 Mother gets the sister to cook rice.

2. Bh³p±lo samaºe ca y±cake ca bhoj±pesi.

 	The king fed the recluses and beggars.

3. Coro mittena kakaca½ cor±petv± vana½ dh±vi.

 The thief ran having got a friend to steal a saw.

4. Vejjo puttena ±paºamh± kh²ra½ kiº±pesi.

 	The doctor got his son to buy milk from the market.

5. Up±sak± amaccena samaº±na½ vih±ra½ k±r±pesu½.

 	Lay devotees got the minister to build a monastery for the 	monks.

6. Yuvati bhaginiy± ±cariyassa m³la½ d±petv± sippa½ 	uggaºhi.

 The maiden got the sister to give money to the teacher 	and learnt an art.

7. Br±hmaºo cora½ / corena sacca½ bh±s±petu½ v±yami.

 	The brahmin tried to make the thief speak the truth.

Exercise 23

3. Translate into English

1. Amm± samaºehi asappurise putte anus±s±pesi.

2. Tumhe manusse p²¼ente core ±mant±petv± ovadatha.

3. V±ºijo kassakena rukkhe chind±petv± / ched±petv± sakaµena nagara½ netv± vikkiºi.

4. Samaºo up±sake sannip±t±petv± dhamma½ desesi.

5. M±tulo kum±rehi pupph±ni ca phal±ni ca ocin±pesi.

6. D±rik± sunakha½ pokkharaºi½ otar±pesi.

7. Amacco v±ºije ca kassake ca pakkos±petv± pucchissati.

8. Kaññ±hi ±haµ±ni pupph±ni vanit±yo ±siñc±pesu½.

9. Bh±riy±ya k±tabba½ kamma½ aha½ karomi.

10. Luddako mittena miga½ vijjhitv± m±r±pesi.

11. Br±hmaºo ±c±riyena kum±ri½ dhamma½ uggaºh±pesi.

12. Amm± d±rika½ kh²ra½ p±yetv± mañce say±pesi.

13. V±ºij± assehi bhaº¹±ni g±h±petva vikkiºitu½ nagara½ gami½su.

14. Vanit± sah±yakena rukkhassa s±kh±yo ±ka¹¹h±petv± geha½ nesi.

15. Amm± puttena geha½ ±gata½ samaºa½ vand±pesi.

16. Up±sak± samaºe ±sanesu nis²d±petv± bhoj±pesu½.

17. Bhagin² bhinnapattassa khaº¹±ni (pieces) ±masant² rodant² gehadv±re aµµh±si.

18. Udaka½ ±haritu½ gacchantiyo n±riyo sallapantiyo rukkham³lesu patit±ni kusum±ni oloketv± modi½su.

19. Luddako tuº¹ena phala½ ocinitu½ v±yamanta½ suva½ sarena vijjhi.

20. Sappurisena k±r±pitesu vih±resu samaº± vasanti.

4. Translate into P±li

1. The wicked man gets his sons to shoot birds.

2. The lay devotees will get the monk to preach the doctrine.

3. Women get their children to honour the Buddha's disciples.

4. The young woman will get her sister to speak at the assembly.

5. The farmer caused the tree to fall into the pit.

6. You (pl.) will get the flowers sprinkled with water.

7. The king got his ministers to build a monastery.

8. The queen will live in the palace which the king got built.

9. The merchant got his wife to put the goods in boxes.

10. The brahmin got the Buddha's disciple to preach to his people.

Lesson 24

1. Declension of Feminine Nouns ending in -u

Dhenu - cow

Singular

Nom.	dhenu

Voc.	dhenu

Acc.	dhenu½

Ins.	dhenuy±

Abl.	dhenuy±

Dat.	dhenuy±

Gen.	dhenuy±

Loc.	dhenuy±, dhenuya½

Plural

dhen³, dhenuyo

dhen³, dhenuyo

dhen³, dhenuyo

dhen³hi, (dhen³bhi)

dhen³hi, (dhen³bhi)

dhen³na½

dhen³na½

dhen³su

2. Some nouns similarly declined are as follows:

y±gu	- gruel

k±su	- pit

vijju	- lightning

rajju	- rope

daddu	- eczema

kaºeru	- cow-elephant

dh±tu	- element, relic

sassu	- mother-in-law

vadhu	- daughter-in-law

3. Vocabulary - Verbs

thaketi	- shuts, closes

n±seti	- destroys

sammajjati	- sweeps

obh±seti	- illuminates

bhajati	- keeps company

bandhati	- ties

vibhajati	- divides, 	distributes

bhañjati	- breaks

m±peti	- builds, creates

vihi½sati	- harms

cha¹¹eti	- throws

pattharati	- spreads

Exercise 24

4. Translate into English

1. Vadh³ sassuy± dhenu½ rajjuy± bandhitv± khetta½ nesi.

2. Amm± y±gu½ pacitv± d±rak±na½ datv± mañce nis²di.

3. Yuvatiy± hattesu ca aºgul²su ca daddu atthi.

4. Maya½ aµaviya½ carantiyo kaºeruyo apassimha.

5. Itth² yuvatiy± bhatta½ pac±petv± d±rik±na½ thoka½ thoka½ vibhaji.

6. Tumhe vijjuy± ±lokena guh±yam sayantam s²ha½ passittha.

7. Yuvatiy± hatthesu kum±rehi dinn± m±l±yo santi.

8. Vadh³ khette k±s³su patit±ni phal±ni sa½hari.

9. Br±hmaºo Buddhassa dh±tuyo vibhajitv± bh³p±l±na½

adadi / ad±si.

10. Vadh³ sassuy± p±de vandi.

11. Yuvatiy± geham sammajjitabba½ hoti.

12. Devat±yo sakala½ (entire) vih±ra½ obh±sentiyo Buddha½ upasaªkami½su.

13.Aµav²su vasantiyo kaºeruyo s±kh±yo bhañjitv± kh±danti.

14. Aha½ rukkhassa ch±y±ya½ nisinn±na½ dhen³na½ ca goº±na½ ca tiº±ni adadi½ / ad±si½.

15. Itth² magge gacchanti½ amma½ passitv± rathamh± oruyha ta½ vanditv± rathasmi½ ±ropetv± geha½ nesi.

16. Vadh³ gehassa dv±ram thaketv± nah±yitu½ nadi½ upasaªkamitv± yuvat²hi saddhi½ sallapant² nadiy± t²re aµµh±si.

17. Bh³p±lo manusse vihi½sante core n±setv± dipa½ p±lesi.

18. Amm± asappurise bhajam±ne putte samaºehi ov±d±pesi.

19. Sappurisena kiºitv± ±haµehi bhaº¹ehi cha¹¹etabba½ natthi.

20. M± tumhe g±me vasante kassake vihi½satha.

25. Translate into P±li

1. The mother took the gold kept in the box and gave it to the daughter.

2. The daughter-in-law honoured the gods with garlands and fruits.

3. If you dig holes, I will plant trees.

4. You (pl.) go to the field and bring the corn home.

5. Cow-elephants wandered in the forest eating plantain trees.

6. I looked at the girls crossing the river by boat.

7. Young women pulled the branches fallen in the pit.

8. The rays of the sun illuminate the world.

9. Singing songs the sisters went to the tank to bathe.

10. The woman tied the cow with a rope and brought it to the field.

11. The daughter-in-law went to Anur±dhapura with the mother-in-law to honour the relics of the Buddha.

12. May virtue and wisdom illuminate the minds of men in the world.

Lesson 25

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i

Aggi - fire

Singular

Nom. 	aggi

Voc. 	aggi

Acc. 	aggi½

Ins. 	aggin±

Abl.	aggin± / aggimh± / aggism±

Dat. 	aggino / aggissa

Gen. 	aggino / aggissa

Loc. 	aggimhi / aggismi½

Plural

agg² / aggayo

agg² / aggayo

agg² / aggayo

agg²hi (agg²bhi)

agg²hi (agg²bhi)

agg²na½

agg²na½

agg²su

2. Masculine nouns ending in -i

muni / isi	- sage

kavi	- poet

ari	- enemy

bh³pati	- king

pati	- husband, master

gahapati	- householder

adhipati	- lord, leader

atithi	- guest

vy±dhi	- illness

udadhi	- ocean

nidhi	- (hidden) treasure

v²hi	- paddy

kapi	- monkey

ahi	- serpent

d²pi	- leopard

ravi	- sun

giri	- mountain

maºi	- gem

asi	- sword

r±si	- heap

p±ºi	- hand

kucchi	- belly

muµµhi	- fist, hammer

Exercise 25

3. Translate into English

1. Munayo s²la½ rakkhant± girimhi guh±su vasi½su

2. µcariyena saddhi½ viharanto kavi isi hoti.

3. Bh³pati asin± ari½ paharitv± m±resi.

4. Pati bhariy±ya paµiy±dita½ odana½ bhuñjitv± khetta½ agami.

5. Sappuris± gahapatayo bhariy±hi ca puttehi ca gehesu vasant± sukha½ vindanti.

6. Nidhi½ pariyesanto adhipati sah±yakehi saddhi½ d²pa½ agacchi.

7. Atith²na½ odana½ pacant² itth² aggi½ j±lesi.

8. Vy±dhin± p²¼ito naro mañce sayati.

9. Gahapati v²h²na½ r±si½ minanto bhariy±ya saddhi½ kathesi.

10. D±rik± girimh± udenta½ ravi½ olokent² hasanti.

11. Bh³patino muµµhimhi maºayo bhavanti.

12. Ari kavino soºa½ yaµµhiy± paharitv± dhavi.

13. Kavi patin± dinna½ maºi½ p±ºin± gaºhi.

14. N±riyo pat²hi saddhi½ udadhi½ gantv± nah±yitu½ ±rabhi½su.

15. Adhipati atithi½ kh±dan²yehi ca bhojan²yehi ca bhoj±pesi.

16. Bh³patin± kattabb±ni kamm±ni adhipatayo na karissanti.

17. Mun²hi pariyesitabba½ dhamma½ aham pi uggaºhitu½ icch±mi.

18. Aha½ d²pa½ j±letv± udakena ±sitt±ni padum±ni Buddhassa p³jemi.

19. Tva½ girimhi vasante d²payo oloketu½ luddakena saha giri½ ±ruhasi.

20. Dev² parisaya saha sabh±ya½ nisinn± hoti.

21. Gahapatayo pañhe pucchitu½ ±kaªkham±n± isi½ upasaªkami½su.

22. Gahapat²hi puµµho isi pañhe vy±kari.

23. N±riy± dhot±ni vatth±ni gaºhante kapayo disv± kum±r± p±s±ºehi te (them) pahari½su.

24. Uyy±ne ±hiº¹itv± tiºa½ kh±dantiyo g±viyo ca goº± ca aj± ca aµavi½ pavisitv± d²pi½ disv± bh±yi½su.

25. Gahapat²hi munayo ca atithayo ca bhojetabb± honti.

26. Amm± mañj³s±ya pakkhipitv± rakkhite maºayo d±rik±ya ca vadhuy± ca adadi / ad±si.

27. Yadi tumhe bh³pati½ upasankameyy±tha maya½ ratha½ paµiy±dess±ma.

28. Gahapati cora½ g²v±ya gahetv± p±dena kucchi½ pahari.

29. Sakuºehi kat±ni kul±vak±ni (nests) m± tumhe bhindatha.

30. G²ta½ g±yant² yuvati g±vi½ upasaªkamma kh²ra½ duhitu½ (to milk) ±rabhi.

31. Buddhassa dh±tuyo vanditu½ maya½ vih±ra½ gamimha.

32. Maya½ kaññ±yo dhammas±la½ sammajjitv± kilañj±su (on mats) nis²ditv± dhamma½ suºimha.

33. Maya½ locanehi r³p±ni pass±ma, sotehi (with ears) sadda½ (sound) suº±ma, jivh±ya rasa½ s±diy±ma (we taste)

34. Te aµaviy± ±hiº¹antiyo g±viyo rajj³hi bandhitv± khettam ±nesu½.

35. Bhariy± vy±dhin± p²¼itassa patino hattha½ ±masant² ta½ (him) samass±sesi (comforted).

36. Gahapati atithin± saddhi½ sallapanto s±l±ya nisinno hoti.

37. Muni sacca½ adhigantv± manuss±na½ dhamma½ desetu½ pabbatamh± oruyha g±me vih±re vasati.

38. Rajjuy± bandhit± g±v² tattha tattha (here and there) ±hiº¹fitu½ asakkont² rukkham³le tiºa½ kh±dati.

39. Dev² bh³patin± saddhi½ rathena gacchant² anatar±magge (on the way) kasante kassake passi.

40. M± tuhme akusala½ karotha, sace kareyy±tha sukha½ vinditu½ na labhissatha.

4. Translate into P±li

1. The husbands brought gems from the island for their wives.

2. Sicknesses oppress people living in the world.

3. Sitting on the ground the woman measured paddy with a n±¼i.

4. Householders who do evil do not worship sages.

5. If you dig up the treasure you will get gems.

6. I washed the clothes which were to be washed by the wife.

7. We drank the gruel which was prepared by our mother.

8. You kindle the fire to cook rice and gruel for the guests coming from the city.

9. The householder hit with a sword the thief who entered the house.

10. The young girl gave grass to the cows standing in the shade of the tree.

11. Monkeys dwell on trees, lions sleep in caves, serpents move on the ground.

12. If you buy goods from the city and bring, I will sell them (t±ni) to farmers.

13. O wicked man, if you do merit you will experience happiness.

14. There are gems and gold in the boxes in my mother's house.

15. The sage preached the doctrine to the king's retinue seated on the ground.

16. Recluses, sages and poets are honoured by virtuous men.

17. We will get the treasure which is protected by the leader.

18. Do not cut branches of the trees planted in the park.

19. Being released from the cage the birds flew into the sky.

20. We did not see sages crossing the river through psychic power.

Lesson 26

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -²

Pakkh² - bird

Singular

Nom.	pakkh²

Voc.	pakkh²

Acc.	pakkhina½ / pakkhi½

Ins.	pakkhin±

Abl.	pakkhin± / pakkhimh± / pakkhism±

Dat.	pakkhino / pakkhissa

Gen.	pakkhino / pakkhissa

Loc.	pakkhini / pakkhimhi / pakkhismi½

Plural

pakkh² / pakkhino

pakkh² / pakkhino

pakkh² / pakkhino

pakkh²hi (pakkh²bhi)

pakkh²hi (pakkh²bhi)

pakkh²na½

pakkh²na½

pakkh²su

It should be noted that this declension differs from the aggi declension only in the nominative, vocative and accusative cases. The rest agrees with it, the only exception being pakkhini in the locative singular, for which there is no corresponding form in the aggi declension.

2. Masculine nouns ending in -²

hatth² / kar²	- elephant

s±m²	- lord, husband

seµµh²	- banker

sukh²	- one who is 	happy

mant²	- minister

sikh²	- peacock

p±º²	- living being

d±µh²	- tusker

d²ghaj²v²	- one with long 	life

bal²	- powerful one

va¹¹hak²	- carpenter

s±rath²	- charioteer

kuµµh²	- leper

p±pak±r²	- evil doer

Exercise 26

3. Translate into English

1. Pakkh² g±yanto s±kh±ya½ nis²dati.

2. G±vi½ rajjuy± muñcam±n± amm± khette µhit± hoti.

3. Kaññ±yo sabh±ya½ naccantiyo g±yi½su.

4. Seµµh² mahanta½ (much) dhana½ vissajjetv± samaº±na½ vih±ra½ k±r±pesi.

5. Hatthino ca kaºeruyo ca aµaviya½ ±hiº¹anti.

6. P±pak±r² p±p±ni paµicch±detv± sappuriso viya (like) sabh±ya½ nisinno seµµhin± saddhi½ kathesi.

7. Sappuris± d²ghaj²vino hontu, putt± sukhino bhavantu.

8. V±ºijo nagaramh± bhaº¹±ni kiºitv± piµakesu pakkhipitv± rajjuy± bandhitv± ±paºa½ pesesi.

9. S±rathin± ±haµe rathe va¹¹hak² nisinno hoti.

10. Sabbe (all) p±ºino d²ghaj²vino na bhavanti / honti.

11. Amm± va¹¹hakin± geha½ k±r±petv± d±rik±hi saha tattha (there) vasi.

12. Maya½ maºayo vatthena veµhetv± mañj³s±ya½ nikkhipitv± bhariy±na½ pesayimha.

13. Muni p±pak±ri½ pakkos±petv± dhamma½ desetv± ovadi.

14. Balin± bh³patino dinna½ kari½ oloketu½ tumhe sannipatittha.

15. Aha½ seµµh² kuµµhi½ pakkos±petv± bhojana½ (food) d±pesi½.

16. Sace girimhi sikhino vasanti, te (them) passitu½ aha½ giri½ ±ruhitu½ ussahiss±mi.

17. Bh³pati sappuriso abhavi / ahosi; mantino p±pak±rino abhavi½su / ahesu½.

18. Balin± k±r±pitesu p±s±desu seµµhino putt± na vasi½su.

19. Sabbe p±ºino sukha½ pariyesam±n± j²vanti, kamm±ni karonti.

20. S±m² maºayo ca suvaººa½ ca kiºitv± bhariy±ya adadi / ad±si.

21. Asanisadda½ (sound of thunder) sutv± girimhi sikhino naccitu½ ±rabhi½su.

22. M± balino p±pak±r² hontu / bhavantu.

23. Sappuris± kusala½ karont±, manussehi puñña½ k±rent±, sukhino bhavanti.

24. Kavi asin± ari½ pahari; kavi½ paharitu½ asakkonto ari kuddho ahosi.

25. Kapayo rukkhesu carant± pupph±ni ca chindi½su.

4. Translate into P±li

1. Followed by the evil hunter the elephants ran in the forest.

2. The leper took the garments given by the husband.

3. Leopards living in the forest do not fear lions living in the caves.

4. Singing a song, the boys danced with the girls in the hall.

5. Mothers with their daughters spread lotuses on the flower altar (pupph±sane).

6. If the boys drink liquor, the girls will become angry and will not sing.

7. The farmer got angry with the evil doer (use gen.) who harassed the cows grazing in the field.

8. The banker got the carpenter to build a mansion for his sons.

9. May the deities protect the good king governing the island righteously.

10. May all (sabbe) living beings live long happily.

Lesson 27

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u

Garu = Teacher

Singular

Nom. 	garu

Voc. 	garu

Acc. 	garu½

Ins. 	garun±

Abl. 	garun±

Dat. 	garuno, garussa

Gen. 	garuno, garussa

Loc. 	garumhi, garusmi½

Plural

gar³, garavo

gar³, garavo

gar³, garavo

gar³hi (gar³bhi)

gar³hi (gar³bhi)

gar³na½

gar³na½

gar³su

2. Masculine nouns ending in -u

bhikkhu 	- monk

bandhu 	- relation

taru 	- tree

bahu 	- arm

sindhu 	- sea

pharasu 	- axe

pasu 	- beast

±khu 	- rat

ucchu 	- sugar cane

ve¼u 	- bamboo

kaµacchu 	- spoon

sattu 	- enemy

setu 	- bridge

ketu 	- banner

susu 	- young one

3. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -³

Vid³ - wise man

Singular

Nom.	vid³

Voc.	vid³

Acc.	vidu½

Plural

vid³, viduno

vid³, viduno

vid³, viduno

The rest is similar to the garu declension.

4. Masculine nouns ending in -³

pabh³ 	- eminent person

sabbaññ³ 	- omniscient one

viññ³ 	- wise man

vadaññ³ 	- philanthropist

atthaññ³ 	- benevolent man

mattaññ³ 	- moderate or abstemious man

5. Translate into English

1. Bhikkhavo Tath±gatassa s±vak± honti.

2. Bandhavo amma½ passitu½ nagaramh± g±ma½ ±gami½su.

3. Coro ±raññe taravo chinditu½ pharasu½ ±d±ya gacchi / agami.

4. S²h± ca d²payo ca aµaviya½ vasante pasavo m±retv± kh±danti.

5. Sappuris± viññuno bhavanti.

6. Bh³pati mant²hi saddhi½ sindhu½ taritv± sattavo paharitv± jinitu½ ussahi.

7. Amm± kaµacchun± d±rika½ odana½ bhoj±pesi.

8. Hatthino ca kaºeruyo ca ucchavo ±ka¹¹hitv± kh±di½su.

9. Bh³patissa mantino satt³na½ ketavo ±hari½su.

10. Setumhi nisinno bandhu taruno s±kha½ hatthena ±ka¹¹hi.

11. Uyy±ne ropitesu ve¼³su pakkhino nis²ditv± g±yanti.

12. Sace pabhuno atthaññ³ honti manuss± sukhino g±me viharitu½ sakkonti.

13. Sabbaññ³ Tath±gato dhammena manusse anus±sati.

14. Mattaññ³ sappuris± d²ghaj²vino ca sukhino ca bhaveyyu½.

15. Viññ³hi anus±sit± maya½ kum±r± sappuris± bhavitu½ ussahimha.

16. Maya½ ravino ±lokena ±k±se u¹¹ente pakkhino passitu½ sakkoma.

17. Tumhe pabhuno hutv± dhammena j²vitu½ v±yameyy±tha.

18. Aha½ dhamma½ desenta½ bhikkhu½ j±n±mi.

19. Ahayo ±khavo kh±dant± aµaviy± vammikesu (anthills) vasanti.

20. Vanit±ya sassu bhaginiy± ucchavo ca padum±ni ca adadi / ad±si.

6. Translate into P±li

1. Crossing the bridge the enemy has entered the island.

2. You shall not cut bamboos with axes, you may with saws.

3. King's ministers tied banners on the bridge and on trees.

4. The beasts fed the young ones with rats.

5. Wise men became eminent people.

6. The monk was a relation of the king who rules the island.

7. The trees cut by the enemy fell into the sea.

8. With the fist the mother hit the dog which was trying to bite the girl.

9. Kings protect recluses, brahmins, men and beasts living in the island.

10. Mother's sister killed a rat with a bamboo.

11. The teacher sent sugar-cane to the tuskers' young ones.

12. Seeing a monkey trying to enter the house the husband closed the door.

Lesson 28

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u / -ar

Some masculine nouns have two bases ending in -u and -ar. They express the agent or a relationship.

Satthu / satthar - teacher (lit., he who admonishes)

Singular

Nom.	satth±

Voc.	satth±, sattha

Acc.	satth±ra½

Ins.	satth±r±

Abl. 	satth±r±

Dat.	satthu, satthuno, satthussa

Gen.	satthu, satthuno, satthussa

Loc.	satthari

Plural

satth±ro

satth±ro

satth±ro

satth±rehi, satth³hi

satth±rehi, satth³hi

satth±r±na½, satth³na½

satth±r±na½, satth³na½

satth±resu, satth³su

2. Some words similarly declined are as follows:

kattu	- doer

gantu	- goer

sotu	- hearer

d±tu	- giver

netu	- leader

vattu	- sayer

jetu	- victor

vinetu	- disciplinarian

viññ±tu	- knower

bhattu	- husband

nattu	- grandson

N.B.	Though bhattu and nattu are nouns expressing relationships they are declined like agent nouns such as satth±, as in Sanskrit.

3. Masculine nouns expressing relationships such as pitu (father), and bh±tu (brother) are declined somewhat differently as follows:

Pitu / pitar = father

Bh±tu / bh±tar = brother

Singular

Nom.	pit±	bh±t±

Voc. 	pit±, pita	bh±t±, bh±ta

Acc.	pitara½	bh±tara½

Ins.	pitar±	bh±tar±

Abl. 	pitar±	bh±tar±

Dat.	pitu	bh±tu

pituno	bh±tuno

Gen.	pitussa	bh±tussa

Loc.	pitari	bh±tari

Plural

pitaro	bh±taro

pitaro	bh±taro

pitaro	bh±taro

pitarehi, pit³hi	bh±tarehi,bh±t³hi

pitarehi, pit³hi	bh±tarehi,bh±t³hi

pitar±na½	bh±tar±na½

pit³na½	bh±t³na½

pitaresu, pit³su	bh±taresu,bh±t³su

4. Feminine nouns expressing relationships are declined as follows:

M±tu / M±tar = mother

Singular

Nom.	m±t±

Voc.	m±t±, m±ta, m±te

Acc.	m±tara½

Ins.	m±tar±, m±tuy±

Abl.	m±tar±, m±tuy±

Dat.	m±tu, m±tuy±, m±t±ya

Gen.	m±tu, m±tuy±, m±t±ya

Loc.	m±tari, m±tuy±, m±tuya½

Plural

m±taro

m±taro

m±taro

m±tarehi, m±t³hi

m±tarehi, m±t³hi

m±tar±na½, m±t³na½,m±t±na½

m±tar±na½, m±t³na½,m±t±na½

m±taresu, m±t³su

Dh²tu (daughter) and duhitu (daughter) are similarly declined.

Exercise 28

5. Translate into English

1. Satth± bhikkh³na½ dhamma½ desento rukkhassa ch±y±ya nisinno hoti.

2. Puññ±ni katt±ro bhikkh³na½ ca t±pas±na½ ca d±na½ denti.

3. Sace satth± dhamma½ deseyya viññ±t±ro bhavissanti.

4. Bh³pati d²pasmi½ jet± bhavatu.

5. Pit± dh²tara½ ±d±ya vih±ra½ gantv± satth±ra½ vand±pesi.

6. Viññ±t±ro loke manuss±na½ net±ro hontu / bhavantu.

7. Bh±t± pitar± saddhi½ m±tuy± pacita½ y±gu½ bhuñji.

8. Bhatt± natt±rehi saha k²¼anta½ kapi½ disv± hasanto aµµh±si (stood).

9. Setu½ katt±ro ve¼avo bandhitv± nadiy± t²re µhapesu½.

10. Sindhu½ taritv± d²pa½ gant±ro satt³hi hat± honti.

11. Bhariy± bhattu s±µake rajakena dhov±pesi.

12. Netuno katha½ sot±ro uyy±ne nisinn± suriyena p²¼it± honti.

13. D±t±rehi dinn±ni vatth±ni y±cakehi na vikkiºitabb±ni honti.

14. Rodantassa nattussa kujjhitv± vanit± ta½ (him) hatthena pahari.

15. Vinetuno ov±da½ (advice) sutv± bandhavo sappuris± abhavi½su / ahesu½.

16. Gehesu ca aµav²su ca vasante ±khavo ahayo kh±danti.

17. Natt± m±tara½ y±gu½ y±canto bh³miya½ patitv± rodati.

18. Tumhe bh±tar±na½ ca bhagin²na½ ca m± kujjhatha.

19. D²pa½ gant±rehi n±v±ya sindhu taritabbo hoti.

20. Pubbak± (ancient) isayo mant±na½ (magic spells) katt±ro ca mant±na½ pavatt±ro (reciters) ca abhavi½su / ahesu½.

21. Mattaññ³ d±t± natt±r±na½ thoka½ thoka½ modake (sweets) dadi½su / ada½su.

22. Atthaññ³ net±ro manusse sappurise karont± vinet±ro bhavanti.

23. M±t± dh²tara½ ovadant² s²sa½ (head) cumbitv± (kissed) b±hu½ ±masitv± samass±sesi.

24. Vadaññ³ br±hmaºo khud±ya p²¼ente y±cake disv± pah³ta½ (much) bhojana½ (food) d±pesi.

25. S±rathin± ±haµe ve¼avo gahetv± va¹¹hak² s±la½ m±pesi.

6. Translate into P±li

1. Father and mother went with the brother to see the sister.

2. Evil doers will not live long happily.

3. May the king, together with his retinue, become victorious.

4. Mother's brother is the uncle.

5. The enemies of my brothers tied banners on trees and bamboos.

6. The house builder gave bamboos to the grandsons.

7. Brother gave food to (my) daughter with a spoon.

8. The Buddha is the teacher of gods and men.

9. May you (pl.) be speakers of the truth.

10. Good husbands are kind (k±ruºik±) to their wives like gods.

11. Let good men become powerful ministers to govern the island.

12. The powerful kings were victorious.

Lesson 29

1. Declension of Neuter nouns ending in -i

Aµµhi = bone, seed

Singular

Nom.	aµµhi

Voc.	aµµhi

Acc.	aµµhi½

Ins.	aµµhin±

Abl.	aµµhin±

Dat.	aµµhino, aµµhissa

Gen.	aµµhino, aµµhissa

Loc.	aµµhini, aµµhimhi, aµµhismi½

Plural

aµµh², aµµh²ni

aµµh², aµµh²ni

aµµh², aµµh²ni

aµµh²hi, (aµµh²bhi)

aµµh²hi, (aµµh²bhi)

aµµh²na½

aµµh²na½

aµµh²su

N.B. This declension is similar to the aggi declension except in the nominative, vocative and accusative cases.

2. Neuter nouns ending in -i

v±ri	- water

akkhi	- eye

sappi	- ghee

dadhi	- curds

acci	- flame

satthi	- thigh

3. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -u

Cakkhu = eye

Singular

Nom.	cakkhu

Voc.	cakkhu

Acc.	cakkhu½

Plural

cakkh³, cakkh³ni

cakkh³, cakkh³ni

cakkh³, cakkh³ni

The rest is similar to the declension of garu.

4. Neuter nouns ending in -u

dhanu	- bow

madhu	- honey

assu	- tear

j±ºu / jaººu	- knee

d±ru	- firewood

ambu	- water

vasu	- wealth

vatthu	- ground, base, site, estate

5. Vocabulary - Verbs

anukampati	- feels compassionate

v±ceti	- teaches

sammisseti	- mixes

pabbajati	- renounces, becomes ordained

vippakirati	- scatters, (pp. vippakiººa)

par±jeti	- defeats

anugacchati	- follows

pattheti	- aspires, hopes

samijjhati	- fulfils, succeeds

pavatteti	- sets in motion

(ass³ni) pavatteti	- sheds tears

vibhajati	- distributes, analyses

Exercise 29

6. Translate into English

1. Geha½ pavisanta½ ahi½ disv± kaññ± bh±yitv± ass³ni pavattent² roditu½ ±rabhi.

2. D²pin± hat±ya g±viy± aµµh²ni bh³miya½ vippakiºº±ni honti.

3. Nadiy± v±rin± vatth±ni dhovanto pit± nah±petu½ putta½ pakkosi.

4. Tva½ sappin± ca madhun± ca sammissetv± odana½ bhuñjissasi.

5. Maya½ kh²ramh± dadhi½ labh±ma.

6. Bhikkhu d²passa acci½ olokento aniccasañña½ (perception of impermanence) va¹¹hento (developing) nis²di.

7. P±pak±ri luddako dhanu½ ca sare ca ±d±ya aµavi½ paviµµho.

8. Sattu amaccassa satthi½ as²n± paharitv± aµµhi½ chindi.

9. Aha½ sappin± pacita½ odana½ madhun± bhuñjitu½ na icch±mi.

10. Natt± hatthehi ca jaºº³hi ca gacchanta½ y±caka½ disv± anukampam±no bhojana½ ca vattha½ ca d±pesi.

11. D±r³ni sa½harantiyo itthiyo aµaviya½ ±hiº¹ant² g±yi½su.

12. Amb³mhi j±t±ni padum±ni na ambun± upalitt±ni (smeared) honti.

13. Manuss± n±n±kamm±ni (various work) katv± vasu½ sa½haritv± puttad±re (children and wife) posetu½ ussahanti.

14. Bhatt± m±tuy± akkh²su ass³ni disv± bhariy±ya kujjhi.

15. Pit± khettavatth³ni putt±na½ ca natt±r±na½ ca vibhajitv± vih±ra½ gantv± pabbaji.

16. Pakkh²hi kh±dit±na½ phal±na½ aµµh²ni rukkham³le patit±ni honti.

17. µcariyo siss±na½ (pupils) sippa½ (art) v±cento te anukampam±no dhammena j²vitu½ anus±si.

18. Bodhisatto samaºo m±ra½ (the evil one) par±jetv± Buddho bhavi / ahosi.

19. Buddha½ passitv± dhamma½ sotu½ patthent± nar± dhamma½ caritu½ v±yamanti.

20. Sace sappuris±na½ sabb± patthan± (fem. aspirations) samijjheyyu½ manuss± loke sukha½ vindeyyu½.

21. Vy±dhin± p²¼it± m±t± ass³ni pavattent² dh²tuy± geha½ ±gantv± mañce sayitv± y±gu½ y±ci.

22. M±tara½ anukampam±n± dh²t± khippa½ (soon) y±gu½ paµiy±detv± m±tuy± mukha½ (face) dhovitv± y±gu½ p±yesi.

23. Pitar± puµµha½ pañha½ bhatt± samm± (correctly) vibhajitv± upam±ya (with a smile) attha½ vy±kari / vy±k±si.

24. Luddako aµaviy± bh³miya½ dhañña½ vippakiritv± mige palobhetv± (tempting) m±retu½ ussahi.

25. Dhañña½ kh±dant± mig± ±gacchanta½ luddaka½ disv± vegena (speedily) dh±vimsu.

7. Translate into P±li

1. He saw the bones of the animals killed by the leopard in the forest.

2. You (pl.) will bathe in the river water.

3. There are tears in the eyes of the daughter who is a young girl.

4. The farmer sells ghee and curd to the merchants.

5. The flames of the lamps danced in the wind (v±tena).

6. There is eczema on the feet of the enemy.

7. The bee (bhamara / madhukara) collects honey from flowers without hurting them.

8. The woman bringing firewood from the forest fell into the river.

9. Planting trees in the fields and gardens men try to collect wealth.

10. The husband brought a gem for the wife from the city.

Lesson 30

1. Declension of Adjectives ending in -vantu and

-mantu

Attributive adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu can be declined in all three genders. They agree with the nouns they qualify in gender, number and case.

Masculine Gender

Guºavantu - virtuous

Singular

Nom.	guºav±, guºavanto

Voc.	guºav±, guºava, 	guºavanta

Acc.	guºavanta½

Ins.	guºavat±, guºavantena

Abl.	guºavat±, guºavantamh±, 	guºavantasm±

Dat.	guºavato, guºavantassa

Gen.	guºavato, guºavantassa

Loc.	guºavati, guºavante,

guºavantamhi,

guºavantasmi½

Plural

guºavanto, guºavant±

guºavanto, guºavant±

guºavanto, guºavante

guºavantehi (guºavantebhi)

guºavantehi (guºavantebhi)

guºavata½, guºavant±na½

guºavata½, guºavant±na½

guºavantesu

(Note the similarities of this declension to the declension of the present participle masculine gender ending in -nta). Adjectives ending in -mantu are declined as cakkhum±, cakkhumanto etc.

Neuter Gender

Ojavantu - nourishing

Singular

Nom.	ojavanta½

Acc.	ojavanta½

Plural

ojavant±ni

ojavant±ni

The rest is similar to the declension of masculine adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu.

Feminine Gender

Guºavat² / guºavant² and cakkhumat² / cakkhumant² are the feminine forms of the adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu. They are declined like kum±r², i.e. feminine nouns ending in -².

2. Adjectives ending in -vantu and -mantu

dhanavantu	- rich

Bhagavantu	- the Fortunate 	one,

the Buddha

yasavantu	- famous

kulavantu	- of good 	family

sotavantu	- attentive, 	having ears

s²lavantu	- virtuous

saddh±vantu	- devoted

satimantu	- mindful

cakkhumantu	- having eyes

balavantu	- powerful

paññavantu	- wise

puññavantu	- fortunate, 	meritorious

phalavantu	- fruitful

himavantu	- Himalayas, pos-	sessor of snow

vaººavantu	- colourful

bh±numantu	- sun, radiant

buddhimantu	- intelligent

bandhumantu	- having relations

Exercise 30

3. Translate into English

1. Balavantehi bh³pat²hi arayo par±jit± honti.

2. Maya½ cakkh³hi bh±numantassa suriyassa rasmiyo oloketu½ na sakkoma.

3. Bhikkhavo Bhagavat± desita½ dhamma½ sutv± satimant± bhavitu½ v±yami½su.

4. S²lavant± up±sak± Bhagavanta½ vanditv± dhamma½ sutv± satimant± bhavitu½ v±yami½su.

5. Paññavantehi icchita½ patthita½ samijjhissati.

6. Kulavato bh±t± Bhagavat± saha mantento bh³miya½ pattharit±ya kilañj±ya½ (mat) nisinno ahosi.

7. Phalavantesu tar³su nisinn± pakkhino phal±ni kh±ditv± aµµh²ni bh³miya½ p±tesu½.

8. Himavati bah³ (many) pasavo ca pakkh² ca urag± (reptiles) ca vasanti.

9. S²lavant± dhamma½ sutv± cakkhumant± bhavitu½ ussahissanti.

10. Guºavato bandhu s²lavati½ pañha½ pucchi.

11. Guºavat² yuvati s²la½ rakkhant² m±tara½ posesi.

12. Yasavatiy± bandhavo balavanto pabhuno abhavi½su.

13. Dhanavantassa sappurisassa bhariy± puññavat² ahosi.

14. S²lavantesu vasant± asappuris± pi guºavant± bhaveyyu½.

15. Silavatiyo m±taro putte guºavante k±tu½ ussahanti.

16. Buddhim± puriso p±pa½ karonte putte anus±situ½ paññavanta½ bhikkhu½ pakkosi.

17. Kulavato natt± s²lavat± bhikkhun± dhamma½ sutv± pas²ditv± geha½ pah±ya bhikkh³su pabbaji.

18. Balavant± pabhuno guºavanto bhavantu.

19. Dhanavant± balavant± kad±ci karahaci (seldom) guºavant± bhavanti.

20. Himavantasm± ±gato paññav± isi s²lavatiy± m±tuy± uyy±ne atithi ahosi.

21. Dubbala½ (weak) s²lavati½ itthi½ disv± anukampam±n± dhanavat² ta½ (her) posesi.

22. Himavati phalavant± taravo na chinditabb± honti.

23. Dhammassa viññ±t±ro yasavant± bhavitu½ na ussahanti.

24. Bandhum± balav± hoti, dhanav± bandhum± hoti.

25. S²lavat² r±jin² guºavat²hi itth²hi saddhi½ s±l±ya½ nis²ditv± yasavatiy± kaññ±ya katha½ suºi.

26. Guºav± puriso rukkhamh± ojavant±ni phal±ni ocinitv± vih±re vasant±na½ silavant±na½ bhikkh³na½ vibhaji.

27. Balavatiy± r±jiniy± amacc± dhammena d²pe manusse p±lesu½.

28. Yasavant²na½ n±r²na½ dh²taro pi yasavantiyo bhavissanti.

29. Paññavantiy± yuvatiy± puµµho dhanav± pañha½ vy±k±tu½ asakkonto sabh±ya½ nis²di.

30. Bh±num± suriyo manuss±na½ ±loka½ deti.

4. Translate into P±li

1. Sages living in the Himalaya sometimes (kad±ci) come to towns.

2. Mindful monks preached the doctrine to wise lay devotees.

3. Fortunate people have virtuous friends and relations.

4. Rich merchants go from village to village selling goods.

5. The virtuous girl was the wife of the rich teacher.

6. The intelligent monk answered the question asked by the powerful eminent person.

7. There are garlands in the hand of the virtuous girl.

8. The rich are famous, the wise are virtuous.

9. You (pl.) do not avoid virtuous and wise men.

10. The Fortunate One is living in the famous island ruled by the powerful king.

11. If a wise monk lives in the village, people will become virtuous.

12. May men of good families become virtuous and wise.

13. People will follow the rich and powerful.

14. The famous king defeated the powerful enemy who has many relations.

15. People with eyes see the radiant sun.

Lesson 31

1. Declension of Personal Pronouns

The first personal pronoun amha

Singular

Nom.	aha½	= I

Acc.	ma½, mama½	= me

Ins.	may±, me

Abl.	may±

Dat.	mama, mayha½, 	mama½, me

Gen.	mama, mayha½, 	mama½, me

Loc.	mayi

Plural

maya½, amhe	= we

amhe, amh±ka½, no	= us

amhehi, no

amhehi

amha½, amh±ka½, no

amha½, amh±ka½, no

amhesu

2. The second personal pronoun tumha

Singular

Nom.	tva½, tuva½	= you

Acc.	ta½, tava½, tuva½

Ins.	tvay±, tay±, te

Abl.	tvay±, tay±

Dat.	tava,tuyha½, te

Gen.	tava, tuyha½, te

Loc.	tvayi, tayi

Plural

tumhe	= you

tumhe, tumh±ka½, vo

tumhehi, vo

tumhehi, vo

tumha½, tumh±ka½, vo

tumha½, tumh±ka½, vo

tumhesu

Exercise 31

3. Translate into English

1. Mama ±cariyo ma½ v±cento potthaka½ (book) likhi (wrote).

2. Mayha½ bhagin² gil±na½ (sick) pitara½ posesi.

3. D±t±ro bhikkh³na½ d±na½ dent± amhe pi bhoj±pesu½.

4. Tumh±ka½ dh²taro kuhi½ (where) gamissanti?

5. Amh±ka½ dh²taro satth±ra½ namassitu½ Ve¼uvana½ gamissanti.

6. Amha½ kamm±ni karont± d±s± (servants) pi sappuris± bhavanti.

7. Amhehi kat±ni puññ±ni ca p±p±ni ca amhe anubandhanti.

8. Tay± k²t±ni bhaº¹±ni tava dh²t± mañj³s±su pakkhipitv± µhapesi.

9. Kulavant± ca caº¹±l± (outcasts) ca amhesu bhikkh³su pabbajanti.

10. Amh±ka½ uyy±ne phalavantesu tar³su vaººavant± pakkhino caranti.

11. Uyy±na½ ±gantv± tiº±ni kh±dant± mig± amhe passitv± bh±yitv± aµavi½ dh±vi½su.

12. Amh±ka½ bhatt±ro n±v±ya udadhi½ taritv± d²pa½ p±puºi½su.

13. Amha½ bh³patayo balavant± jet±ro bhavanti.

14. Tumh±ka½ natt±ro ca mama bh±taro ca sahayak± abhavi½su / ahesu½.

15. Tumhehi ±haµ±ni c²var±ni mama m±t± bhikkh³na½ p³jesi.

16. Uyy±ne nisinno aha½ natt±rehi k²¼anta½ tava½ apassi½.

17. Dhañña½ minanto aha½ tay± saddhi½ kathetu½ na sakkomi.

18. Aha½ tava na kujjh±mi, tvam me kujjhasi.

19. Mama dhanavanto bandhavo viññ³ viduno bhavanti.

20. D²passa accin± aha½ tava ch±ya½ passitu½ sakkomi.

21. Amh±ka½ bh³patayo jet±ro hutv± p±s±desu ketavo uss±pesum (hoisted).

22. Bh±tuno putt± mama gehe viharant± sippa½ uggaºhi½su.

23. Tava duhit± bhikkhuno ov±de µhatv± patino k±ruºik± sakh² (friend) ahosi.

24. Kusala½ karont± net±ro sagga½ gant±ro bhavissanti.

25. Sace coro geha½ pavisati s²sa½ bhinditv± n±setabbo hoti.

26. Amh±ka½ sattuno hatthesu ca p±desu ca daddu atthi.

27. S²lavant± buddhimantehi saddhim loke manusss±na½ hitasukh±ya (for welfare and happiness) n±n± kamm±ni karonti.

28. Sace sus³na½ vinet± k±runiko hoti, te sotavant± susavo gunavant± bhavissanti.

29. Maya½ kh²ramh± dadhi ca dadhimh± sappi½ ca labh±ma.

30. Maya½ sappi½ ca madhu½ ca sammissetv± bhojana½ paµiy±detv± bhuñjiss±ma.

4. Translate into P±li

1. May our sons and grandsons live long and happily.

2. Trees should not be cut by us or by you.

3. Your king went to the island with the ministers and defeated the enemy.

4. I picked up the seeds which were scattered on the ground by you.

5. Our teacher who was wise and famous taught us the doctrine.

6. A bird taking a fruit by the beak was seen by you.

7. My grandson wishes to become a doctor.

8. You (pl.) saw sages living in caves in the Himalaya mountain.

9. May our sons and daughters become rich and virtuous.

10. My grandson will become a disciple of yours.

11. May you be rich and famous.

12. The bee (madhukara) is standing on the lotus born (j±ta) in the water.

13. The devoted lay devotee gave a flower to the young girl of good family.

14. The famous young girl has a colourful gem in her hand.

15. The radiant sun illuminates the world.

Lesson 32

1. Declension of Pronouns

There are relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and interrogative pronouns of all three genders. They are declined in all cases except the vocative. They become adjectives when they qualify other nouns.

2. Masculine gender, singular number

Relative Pronoun	Demonstrative	Interrogative

Pronoun	Pronoun

Nom.	yo	= he who	so	= he, that	ko	= who

Acc.	ya½	ta½	ka½

Ins.	yena	tena	kena

Abl.	yamh±, yasm±	tamh±, tasm±	kasm±, kism±

Dat.	yassa	tassa	kassa, kissa

Gen.	yassa	tassa	kassa, kissa

Loc.	yamhi, yasmi½	tamhi, tasmi½	kamhi, kasmi½

kimhi, kismi½

3. Neuter Gender, singular number

Nom.	ya½	= that	ta½	= it, that	kim	= which

which

Acc.	ya½	ta½	kim

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

4. Feminine gender, singular number

Relative Pronoun	Demonstrative	Interrogative

Pronoun	Pronoun

Nom.	y±	= she, who	s±	= she, that	k±	= who

Acc.	ya½	ta½	ka½

Ins.	y±ya	t±ya	k±ya

Abl.	y±ya	t±ya	k±ya

Dat.	yass±, y±ya	tass±, t±ya	kass±, k±ya

Gen.	yass±, y±ya	tass±, t±ya	kass±, k±ya

Loc.	yassa½, y±ya½	tassa½, t±ya½	kassa½, k±ya½

5. Masculine gender, plural number

Nom.	ye	= they, who 	te = they, those	ke	= who

Acc.	ye	te	ke

Ins.	yehi	tehi	kehi

Abl.	yehi	tehi	kehi

Dat.	yesa½(yes±na½)	tesa½ (tes±na½)	kesa½ (kes±na½)

Gen.	yesa½(yes±na½)	tesa½ (tes±na½)	kesa½ (kes±na½)

Loc.	yesu	tesu	kesu

6. Neuter gender, plural

Nom.	y±ni, ye = those,	t±ni, te = those	k±ni, ke = which

 	which

Acc.	y±ni, ye	t±ni, te	k±ni, 	ke

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

7. Feminine gender, plural number

Relative Pronoun	Demonstrative	Interrogative

Pronoun	Pronoun

Nom.	y±, y±yo	t±, t±yo	k±, k±yo	= who	= they, who	= they, those

Acc.	y±, y±yo	t±, t±yo	k±, k±yo

Ins.	y±hi	t±hi	k±hi

Abl.	y±hi	t±hi	k±hi

Dat.	y±sa½ (y±s±na½)	t±sa½ (t±s±na½)	k±sa½(k±s±na½)

Gen.	y±sa½ (y±s±na½)	t±sa½ (t±s±na½)	k±sa½(k±s±na½)

Loc.	y±su	t±su	k±su

8. The indefinite particle ci

The indefinite particle ci (Skt. cid) is appended to the case forms of the interrogative pronoun, expressing ideas such as anyone, whichever, whoever, e.g.

Masc.	- koci puriso = some man;

- kenaci purisena = by some man

Neut.	- kiñci phala½ = some fruit;

- kenaci phalena = by some fruit

Fem.	- k±ci itthi = some woman;

- k±yaci itthiy± = by, to, of, on some woman.

9. Pronominal Adverbs

Relative Adverbs	Demonstrative 	Interrogative

Adverbs	Adverbs

yattha	- where	tattha	- there	kattha	- where

yatra	- where	tatra	- there	kutra	- where

yato	- whence,	tato	- thence	kuto	- whence	where	 therefore

yath±	- how, in what	tath±	- in that	katha½	- how	manner	 	manner

yasm±	- because	tasm±	- therefore	kasm±	- why

yad±	- when	tad±	- then	kad±	- when

yena	- where	tena	- there

y±va	- how long	t±va	- so long

10.Examples in sentence formation

1. Yo atthaññu hoti so kum±re anus±situ½ ±gacchatu.

May he who is benevolent come to admonish the boys.

2. Ya½ aha½ ±kaªkham±no ahosi½ so ±gato hoti.

He whom I was expecting has come.

3. Yena maggena so ±gato tena gantu½ aha½ icch±mi.

By which road he came, I wish to go by the same.

4. Yassa s± bhariy± hoti so bhatt± puññavanto hoti.

He is a fortunate husband whose wife she is.

5. Yasmi½ hatthe daddu atthi tena hatthena patto na gaºhitabbo hoti.

The bowl should not be taken by the hand which has eczema on it.

6. Y±ni kamm±ni sukha½ ±vahanti (bring) t±ni puññ±ni honti.

Those actions which bring happiness are meritorious.

7. Y± bhariy± s²lavat² hoti s± bhattuno piy±yati.

The wife who is virtuous is dear to the husband.

8. Y±ya r±jiniy± s± v±p² k±r±pit± ta½ aha½ na anussar±mi.

I do not remember the queen by whom that tank was built.

9. Yassa½ sabh±ya½ so katha½ pavattesi tattha bah³ manuss± sannipatit± abhavi½su / ahesu½.

The meeting where he made a speech, there many people gathered.

10. Y±sa½ itth²na½ mañj³s±su suvaººa½ atthi t±yo dv±r±ni thaketv± gehehi nikkhamanti.

Those women in whose boxes there is gold close the doors and go out.

11. Y±su itth²su kodho natthi t±yo vin²t± bhariy±yo ca m±taro ca bhavanti.

Women in whom there is no anger become disciplined wives and mothers.

12. Yattha bh³patayo dhammik± honti tattha manuss± sukha½ vindanti.

Where kings are righteous, there the men enjoy happiness.

13. Yato bh±num± ravi loka½ obh±seti tato cakkhumant± r³p±ni passanti.

Since the radiant sun illuminates the world, (therefore) those who have eyes see objects.

14. Yath± Bhagav± dhamma½ deseti, tath± tumhehi	 paµipajjitabba½.

Just as the Blessed One preaches the doctrine, so should you conduct yourselves.

15. Yasm± pitaro rukkhe ropesu½, tasm± maya½ phal±ni bhuñj±ma.

Because fathers planted trees, (therefore) we enjoy fruits.

16. Y±da amhehi icchita½ patthita½ samijjhati tad± amhe mod±ma.

When our wishes and aspirations are fulfilled, then we are happy.

17. Ko tva½ asi? Ke tumhe hotha?

Who are you (sg.)? Who are you (pl.)?

18. Kena dhenu aµaviy± ±n²t±?

By whom was the cow brought from the forest?

19. Kassa bh³patin± p±s±do k±r±pito?

For whom was the palace built by the king?

20. Kasm± amhehi sacca½ bh±sitabba½?

Why should we speak the truth?

21. Asappurisehi p±lite d²pe kuto maya½ dhammika½ vinet±ra½ labhiss±ma?

In an island governed by wicked men where will we get a righteous disciplinarian?

22. Kehi kata½ kamma½ disv± tumhe kujjhatha?

Seeing whose work (lit. done by whom) do you get angry?

23. Kesa½ natt±ro tuyha½ ov±de µhassanti?

Whose grandsons will stand by your advice?

24. Kehi ropit±su lat±su pupph±ni ca phal±ni ca bhavanti?

On the creepers planted by whom are there flowers and fruits?

25. K±ya itthiy± p±desu daddu atthi?

On the feet of which woman is there eczema?

Exercise 32

11. Translate into English

1. Yass± so putto hoti s± m±t± puññavat² hoti.

2. Yo ta½ d²pa½ p±leti so dhammiko bh³pati hoti.

3. Kena ajja (today) nava½ (new) j²vitamagga½ na pariyesitabba½?

4. Sace tumhe asappuris± loka½ d³seyy±tha (pollute) kattha puttadh²tarehi saddhi½ tumhe vasatha?

5. Yad± bhikkhavo sannipatitv± s±l±ya½ kilañj±su nis²di½su tad± Buddho p±visi.

6. Yasmi½ padese Buddho viharati tattha gantu½ aha½ icch±mi.

7. Y±ya½ guh±ya½ s²h± vasanti ta½ pasavo na upasaªkamanti.

8. Yo dhanav± hoti, tena s²lavat± bhavitabba½.

9. Sace tumhe ma½ pañha½ pucchissatha aha½ vissajjetu½ (to explain) ussahiss±mi.

10. Yattha s²lavant± bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manuss± sappuris± honti.

11. Kad± tva½ m±tara½ passitu½ bhariy±ya saddhi½ gacchasi?

12. Y±hi rukkh± chinn± t±yo pucchitu½ kassako ±gato hoti.

13. Katha½ tumhe udadhi½ taritu½ ±kaªkhatha?

14. Kuto t± itthiyo maºayo ±hari½su?

15. Y±su mañj³s±su aha½ suvaººa½ nikkhipi½ t± cor± coresu½.

16. Yo ajja nagara½ gacchati so tar³su ketavo passissati.

17. Yassa may± y±gu p³jit± so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.

18. Kuto aha½ dhammassa viññ±t±ra½ paññavanta½ bhikkhu½ labhiss±mi?

19. Yasm± so bhikkh³su pabbaji, tasm± s± pi pabbajitu½ icchati.

20. Ya½ aha½ j±n±mi tumhe pi ta½ j±n±tha.

21. Y±sa½ itth²na½ dhana½ so icchati t±hi ta½ labhitu½ so na sakkoti.

22. Yato amh±ka½ bh³pati arayo par±jesi tasm± maya½ tar³su ketavo bandhimha.

23. Kad± amh±ka½ patthan± (aspirations) samijjhanti?

24. Sabbe te sappuris± tesa½ pañhe vissajjetu½ v±yamant± s±l±ya nisinn± honti.

25. Sace tva½ dv±ra½ thakesi aha½ pavisitu½ na sakkomi.

26. Amhehi kat±ni kamm±ni ch±y±yo viya amhe anubandhanti.

27. Susavo m±tara½ rakkhanti.

28. Aha½ s±min± saddhi½ gehe viharant² mod±mi.

29. Tumh±ka½ putt± ca dh²taro ca udadhi½ taritv± bhaº¹±ni vikkiºant± m³la½ pariyesitu½ icchanti.

30. Tva½ sura½ pivasi, tasm± s± tava kujjhati.

12. Translate into P±li

1. He who is virtuous will defeat the enemy.

2. The girl who spoke at the meeting is not a relation of mine.

3. When the mother comes home the daughter will give the gems.

4. The dog to whom I gave rice is my brother's.

5. Why did you not come home today to worship the monks?

6. From where did you get the robes which you offered to the monks?

7. Whom did you give the gold which I gave you?

8. Eat what you like.

9. I will sit on the rock until you bathe in the river.

10. Where intelligent people live there I wish to dwell.

List of Verbs

Prefixes and roots of verbs are given in Sanskrit within brackets

akkosati (a + kÏ³)	- scolds

atthi (as)	- is

adhigacchati (adhi + gam)	- understands

anukampati (anu + kamp)	- feels compassionate

anugacchati (anu + gam)	- follows

anubandhati (anu + badh)	- follows, chases after

anus±sati (anu + ³±s)	- admonishes

±kaªkhati (± + k±ªk³)	- expects

±ka¹¹hati (± + kÏ³?)	- pulls, drags

±gacchati (± + gam)	- comes

±dad±ti (± + d±)	- takes

±neti (± + n²)	- brings, leads

±manteti (± + denom. mantra)	- addresses

±masati (± + mÏ³)	- touches, strokes

±rabhati (± + rabh)	- starts, commences

±ruhati (± + ruh)	- climbs, ascends

±roceti (± + ruc)	- informs

±vahati (± + vah)	- brings forth

±siñcati (± + sic)	- sprinkles

±harati (± + hÏ)	- brings

±hiº¹ati (± + hiº¹)	- roams, wanders

icchati (i³ / ±p)	- wishes

uggaºh±ti (ud + gÏh)	- learns

uµµhahati (ud + sth±)	- stands up

u¹¹eti (ud + ¹²)	- flies

uttarati (ud + tÏ)	- crosses

udeti ( ud + i)	- rises

upasaªkamati (upa + sa½ + kram)	- approaches

uppajjati (ud + pad)  	- is born

uppatati (ud + pad)	- flies, jumps up

ussahati (ud + sah)	- tries

uss±peti (ud + ³ri)	- hoist

ocin±ti (ava + ci)	- collects, picks

otarati (ava + tÏ)	- gets down, descends (into 	water)

obh±seti (ava + bh±³)	- illuminates

oruhati (ava + ruh)	- climbs down

oloketi (ava + lok)	- looks at

ovadati (ava + vad)	- advises

katheti (kath)	- speaks

karoti (kÏ)	- does, commits

kasati (kÏ³)	- ploughs

kiº±ti (kr²)	- buys

k²¼ati (kr²¹)	- plays

khaºati (khaº)	- digs

kh±dati (kh±d)	- eats

khipati (k³ip)	- throws

kujjhati (krudh)	- gets angry

gacchati (gam)	- goes

gaºh±ti (gÏh)	- takes

g±yati (gai)	- sings

carati (car)	- wanders, conducts oneself

cavati (cyu)	- departs, dies

cinteti (cit)	- thinks

cumbati (cumb)	- kisses

coreti (cur)	- steals

cha¹¹eti (cha¹¹)	- throws away

ch±deti (chad)	- conceals

chindati (chid)	- cuts

j±n±ti (jñ±)	- knows

j±leti (jval)	- lights, kindles

jin±ti (ji)	- wins

j²vati (j²v?)	- lives

µhapeti (sth±)	- places, keeps

¹asati (¹as)	- bites, stings

tarati (tÏ)	- crosses

tiµµhati (sth±)	- stays, stands

thaketi (sthag)	- closes, shuts

dad±ti / deti (d±)	- gives

*dassati (dÏ³)	- to see

duhati (duh)	- milks

d³seti (d³³)	- spoils, pollutes

deseti (di³) 	- points out, instructs, 	preaches

dh±vati (dh±v)	- runs

dhovati (dhov)	- washes

naccati (nÏt)	- dances

namassati (denom, namas)	- worships, salutes

nah±yati (sn±)	- bathes

n±seti (na³)	- destroys

nikkhamati (nis + kram)	- leaves, renounces

nikkhipati (ni + k³ip)	- throws away, puts down

nimanteti (ni + denom. mantra)	- invites

nil²yati (ni+ l²)	- hides

niv±reti (ni + vÏ)	- prevents

nisidati (ni + sad)	- sits

n²hareti (ni + hÏ)	- takes out

neti (n²)	- leads

pakkosati (pra + kÏ³)	- calls, summons

pakkhipati (pra + k³ip)	- puts, places, deposits

pacati (pac)	- cooks

pajahati (h±)	- rejects, abandons

paµicch±deti (prati + chad)	- conceals, hides

paµiy±deti (prati + yat)	- prepares

patati (pat)	- falls

pattharati (pra + stÏ)	- spread

pattheti (pra + arth) 	- wishes, aspires

pappoti (see p±puº±ti )	- attains

pabbajati (pra + vraj)	- goes forth, renounces the 	world, gets ordained

par±jeti (par± + ji)	- defeats

pariyesati (pari + i³)	- explores, searches

parivajjeti (pari + vÏj)	- avoids

pariv±reti (pari + vÏ)	- accompanies

palobheti (pra + lubh)	- tempts

pavatteti (pra + vÏt)	- sets in motion

pavisati (pra + vi³)	- enters

pas²dati (pra + sad)	- is pleased

passati (spa³)	- sees

paharati (pra + hÏ)	- hits, strikes

pahiº±ti (pra + hi)	- dispatches

p±jeti (pra + aj)	- drives

p±teti (pat)	- fells

p±puº±ti (pra + ±p)	- attains

p±leti (p±l)	- rules, governs

piy±yati (denom. piya)	- is dear

pivati (p±)	- drinks

p²¼eti (p²¹)	- oppresses

pucchati (pÏcch)	- questions

p³jeti (p³j)	- honours, worships

p³reti (pÏ)	- fills

peseti (pra + i³)	- sends

poseti (pu³)	- nourishes, looks after

phusati (spr³)	- touches

bandhati (badh)	- binds, ties

bhajati (bhaj)	- keeps company

bhañjati (bhañj)	- breaks

bhavati (bh³)	- becomes

bh±yati (bh²)	- fears

bh±sati (bh±³)	- speaks

bhindati (bhid)	- breaks

bhuñjati (bhuj)	- eats, enjoys, partakes of

manteti (denom. mantra)	- discusses, takes counsel

m±peti (m±)	- creates, builds

m±reti (mÏ)	- kills

min±ti (m±)	- measures

muñcati (muc)	- releases, frees

modati (mud)	- takes delight

y±cati (yac)	- begs

rakkhati (rak³)	- protects, observes /

rodati (rud)	- cries, weeps

ropeti (rup)	- plants

labhati (labh)	- gets, receives

likhati (likh)	- writes

va¹¹heti (vÏdh)	- developes, increases

vandati (vand) 	- worships

vapati (vap)	- sows

vasati (vas) 	- dwells

v±ceti (vac)	- teaches

v±yamati (vi + ± + yam)	- exerts, tries

vikkiº±ti (vi + kr²)	- sells

vijjhati (vyadh)	- shoots

vindati (vid)	- feels, experiences

vippakirati (vi + pra + kÏ\)	- scatters

vibhajati (vi + bhaj)	- distributes

vivarati (vi + vÏ)	- opens

vissajjeti (vi + sÏj)	- spends

viharati (vi + hÏ)	- dwells

vihi½sati (vi + hi½s)	- hurts, harms

viheµheti (vi + h²¹)	- harasses

veµheti (ve³µ)	- wraps

vy±karoti (vi + ± + kÏ)	- explains

sa½harati (sa½ + hÏ)	- collects

sakkoti (³ak)	- is able, can

sannipatati (sa½ + ni + pat)	- assembles, gathers to-	gether

samass±seti (sa½ + ± + ³vas)	- consoles, comforts

samijjhati (sa½ + Ïdh)	- fulfils, succeeds

sammajjati (sa½ + mÏj)	- sweeps

sammisseti (sa½ + denom. mi³ra)	- mixes

sayati (³²)	- sleeps

sallapati (sa½ + lap)	- converses

s±diyati (svad)	- enjoys

sibbati (s²v)	- sews

suº±ti (³ru)	- listens, hears

hanati (han)	- kills

harati (hÏ)	- carries, takes away

hasati (has)	- laughs

hoti (bh³)	- is, becomes

P±li Vocabulary (other than Verbs)

Abbreviations

m	= masculine;	f = feminine;	n = neuter;

adj = adjective;	ind = indeclinable particle;

adv = adverb	pron = pronoun

akusala, adj 	- demerit

akkhi, n	- eye

aggi, m	- fire

aªguli, f	- finger

acci, n	- flame

aja, m	- goat

ajja, ind	- today

aµavi, f	- forest

aµµhi, n	- bone

atithi, m	- guest

atthaññ³, m	- benevolent 	person

addh±, ind	- indeed, 	certainly

adhipati, m	- chief

anicca, adj	- impermanent

antar±, ind	- between

amacca, m	- minister

ambu, n	- water

amm±, f	- mother

arañña, n	- forest

ari, m	- enemy

asani, f	- thunder

asappurisa, m	- wicked man

asi, m	- sword

assa, m	- horse

assu, n	- tear

aha½, pron	- I

ahi, m	- serpent

±k±sa, m 	- sky

±khu, m	- mouse

±cariya, m	- teacher

±paºa, n	- shop

±loka, m	- light

±v±µa, m	- pit

±sana, n	- seat

itthi, f 	- woman

iddhi, f	- psychic power

isi, m	- sage

ucchu, m 	- sugar cane

udaka, n	- water

udadhi, m	- ocean, sea

upam±, f	- simile

upalitta, mfn	- smeared

up±saka, m	- lay devotee

uyy±na, n	- park

uraga, m	- reptile

odana, m 	- rice

ojavantu, adj	- luscious

ovaraka, m	- bed room

ov±da, n	- advice

kakaca, m 	- saw

kaññ±, f	- girl

kaµacchu, m	- spoon

kaºeru, f	- cow

elephant

kattu, m	- doer

kattha, adv	- where

kath±, f	- speech

katha½, adv	- how

kadal², f	- banana, plantain

kad±, adv	- when

kad±ci karahaci, adv

- sometimes

kapi, m	- monkey

kamma, n	- action, deed

kar², m	- elephant

kavi, m	- poet

kasm±, adv	- why

k±ka, m	- crow

k±ya, m	- body

k±ruºika, adj	- compassionate

k±su, f	- pit

kilañj±, f	- mat

kukkura, m	- dog

kucchi, mf	- belly

kuµµh², m	- leper

kuto, adv	- whence

kutra, adv	- where

kum±ra, m	- boy

kum±r², f	- girl

kulavantu, adj	- man of good family

kusala, adj	- merit

kusuma, n	- flower

kuhi½, adv	- where

ketu, m	- flag

khagga, m 	- sword

khaº¹a, n	- piece

kh±dan²ya, n	- food

khippa½, adv	- soon

kh²ra, n	- milk

khud±, f	- hunger

khetta, n	- field

Gang±, f 	- Ganges river

gantu, m 	- one who goes

garu, m	- teacher

gahapati, m	- householder

g±ma, m	- village

g±v², f	- cow

giri, m	- mountain

gil±na, m	- sick man

g²ta, n	- song

g²v±, f	- neck

guºavantu, adj	- virtuous

guh±, f	- cave

geha, n	- house, home

goºa, m	- ox

ghaµa, n           - pot

ghara, n	- house

ca, ind            - and

cakkhu, n	- eye

caº¹±la, m	- outcast

canda, m	- moon

citta, n	- mind

c²vara, n	- robe

cora, m	- thief

ch±y±, f          - shade, shadow

j±ºu / jaººu, n - knee

jala, n	- water

j±ta, mfn	- born

jivh±, f	- tongue

jetu, m	- victor

taº¹ula, n       - raw rice

tato, adv	- therefore

tattha, adv	- there

tatra, adv	- there

tath±, adv	- thus

Tath±gata, m	- the Buddha

tad±, adv	- then

taru, m	- tree

taruºi, f	- young woman

tasm±, adv	- therefore

t±pasa, m	- hermit

t±va, adv	- so far, until

tiºa, n	- grass

t²ra, n	- bank

tuº¹a, n	- beak

tela, n	- oil

tva½, pron	- you

dakkha, adj    - clever

daddu, fn    - eczema

dadhi, n	- curd

d±µh², m	- tusker

d±tu, m	- giver

d±na, n	- alms

d±raka, m	- child

d±ru, n	- firewood

d±sa, m	- servant

d²ghaj²v², m	- one with long life

d²pa, m	- island / lamp

d²p², m 	- leopard

dukkha½, adv	- suffering

dubbala, adj	- weak

dussa, n	- cloth

duhitu, f	- daughter

d³ta, m	- messenger

deva, m	- deity

devat±, f	- deity

devi, f	- queen

doºi, f	- boat

dv±ra, n	- door

dhañña, n        - corn

dhana, n 	- wealth

dhanu, n	- bow

dhamma, m	- doctrine

dh±tu, f	- relics, elements

dh²tu, f	- daughter

dh²vara, m	- fisherman

dhenu, f	- cow

na, ind            - not

nagara, n	- city, town

nad², f	- river

nayana, n	- eye

nara, m	- man

naraka, n	- purgatory

nava, adj	- new

n±n±, ind	- various

n±r², f	- woman

n±¼i, f	- a unit of measure

n±v±, f	- ship

n±vika, m	- sailor

nidhi, m	- treasure

niv±sa, m	- house

netu, m	- leader

pakkh², m       - bird

pañjara, mn	- cage

paññ±, f	- wisdom

pañha, m	- question

paº¹ita, m	- sage, wise man

paººa, n	- leaf

pati, m	- husband

patta, m	- bowl

patthan±, f	- hope, expectation

paduma, n	- lotus

pabbata, m	- mountain

pabh±te, n	- early morning

pabh³, m   	- eminent person

pasu, m	- animal

paris±, f 	- retinue

pavattu, m	- reciter

pah³ta, adj	- much

p±ºi, m	- palm, hand

p±º², m	- living being

p±da, m	- foot

p±n²ya, n	- drinking water

p±pa, n	- evil

p±s±ºa, m	- stone

p±s±da, m	- mansion

pi, ind	- too, also

piµaka, m	- basket

pitu, m	- father

pip±s±, f	- thirst

pip±sita, mfn	- thirsty

puñña, n	- merit

putta, m	- son

puttad±ra, m	- children and wife

puna, ind	- again

puppha, n	- flower

pupph±sana, n	- flower altar

pubbaka, mfn	- ancient

purisa, m	- man

pokkharaº², f	- pond

potthaka, n	- book

pharasu, m     - axe

phala, n	- fruit

bandhu, m      - relative

balavantu, mfn	- powerful

bal², m 	- powerful one

bahu, adj	- many

b²ja, n	- seed

Buddha, m	- the Buddha

buddhi, f	- intelligence

br±hmaºa, m	- brahmin

br±hmaº², f	- brahmin woman

bhagin², f         - sister

Bhagav±, m	- the Buddha

bhaº¹a, n	- goods

bhatta, mn	- rice

bhattu, m	- husband

bhariy±, f	- wife

bh±tu, m	- brother

bh±num±, m	- sun

bhikkhu, m	- monk

bh³pati, m	- king

bh³p±la, m	- king

bh³mi, f	- ground

bhojana, n	- food, meal

bhojan²ya, n	- soft food

makkaµa, m     - monkey

magga, m 	- road

maccha, m	- fish

mañca, m	- bed

mañj³s±, f	- box

maºi, m	- gem

mattaññ³, m	- moderate, abstemious one

madhu, n	- honey

madhukara, m	- bee

manussa, m	- man

manta, n	- magic spell

mant², m	- minister

m±, ind	- do not

m±tu, f	- mother

m±tula, m	- uncle

m±ra, m	- the evil one

m±l±, f	- garland

miga, m	- deer

mitta, mn	- friend

mukha, n	- face, mouth

muµµhi, m	- fist

muni, m	- sage

m³la, n	- money

modaka, n	- sweetmeat

yaµµhi, f              walking stick

yato, adv	- since

yattha, adv	- where

yatra, adv	- where

yath±, adv	- in which manner

yad±, adv	- when

yadi, ind	- if

yasavantu, mfn	- famous

yasm±, adv	- because

y±gu, f	- gruel

y±caka, m	- beggar

y±va, adv	- how far

yuvati, f	- young woman

rajaka, m       - washerman

rajju, f	- rope

ratti, f	- night

ratha, m	- vehicle, chariot

ravi, m	- sun

rasa, n	- taste

rasmi, f	- ray

r±jin², f	- queen

r±si, m	- heap

rukkha, m	- tree

rukkham³la, n	- foot of tree

r³pa, n	- form, object

lat±, f              - creeper

l±bha, m	- gain, profit

luddaka, m	- hunter

loka, m	- world

locana, n	- eye

va¹¹hak², m     - carpenter

vaººavantu, mfn- colourful

vattu, m	- speaker

vattha, n	- cloth

vatthu, n	- estate

vadaññ³, m	- generous one

vadh³, f	- wife/daughter-in-law

vana, n	- forest

vammika, mn	- anthill

var±ha, m	- pig

vasu, n	- wealth

v±, ind	- or

v±ºija, m	- merchant

v±ta, m	- wind

v±nara, m	- monkey

v±p², f	- tank

v±ri, n	- river

v±luk±, f	- sand

vijju, f	- lightning

viññ±tu, m	- knowledgeable man

viññ³, m	- wise man

vid³, m	- wise man

vinetu, m	- disciplinarian

viya, ind	- like, similar

vih±ra, m	- monastery

v²sati	- twenty

v²hi, m	- paddy

vega, adj	- speed

vetana, n	- wage, pay

ve¼u, m	- bamboo

vy±dhi, m	- sickness

sakaµa, m        - cart

sakala, adj	- entire

sakuºa, m	- bird

sakh², f	- female friend

sagga, n	- heaven

sace, ind	- if

sacca, n	- truth

sattu, m	- enemy

satthi, n	- thigh

satthu, m	- teacher

sadda, m	- sound

saddh±, f	- faith

saddhi½, ind	- with

sappa, m	- serpent

sappi, n	- ghee

sappurisa, m	- good man

sabba, mfn	- all

sabaññ³, m	- all knowing one

sabh±, f	- assembly

samaºa, m	- monk

samudda, m	- sea, ocean

sammajjan², f	- broom

samm±, ind	- well, right

sara, m	- arrow

sassu, f	- mother-in-law

saha, ind	- with

sah±ya (ka), m	- friend

s±kh±, f	- branch

s±µaka, m	- garment

s±m², m	- husband

s±rath², m	- charioteer

s±l±, f	- hall

s±vaka, m	- disciple

sikh², m	- peacook

sig±la, m	- jackal

sindhu, m	- sea, ocean

sippa, n	- arts and science

sissa, m	- pupil

s²gha½, adv	- fast

s²la, n	- virtue

s²sa, n	- head

s²ha, m	- lion

suka, m	- parrot

sukha½, adv	- happily

sukh², m	- happy person

sugata, m	- the Buddha

sunakha, m	- dog

sura, m	- deity

sur±, f	- liquor

suriya, m	- sun

suva, m	- parrot

suvaººa, n	- gold

susu, m	- young one

s³kara, m	- pig

seµµhi, m	- banker

setu, n	- bridge

soºa, m	- dog

sota, n	- ear

sotu, m	- listener

sop±na, m	- stairway

hattha, m 	- hand

hatth², m	- elephant

himavantu, mfn	- Himalaya

hirañña, n	- gold

Glossary (English - P±li)

A

accompany	- bhajati / pariv±reti

action	- kamma

address	- ±manteti

admonish	- anus±sati / ovadati

advice	- ov±da

advise	- ovadati

again	- puna

all	- sabba

alms	- d±na

ancient	- pubbaka

and	- ca

(be) angry	- kujjhati

animal	- pasu

anthill	- vammika

approach	- upasaªkamati

arrow	- sara

arts

(and sciences)	- sippa

assemble	- sannipatati

assembly	- sabh±

attain	- p±puº±ti / pappoti

avoid	- parivejjeti

axe	- pharasu

B

banana	- kadal²

bamboo	- ve¼u

bank	- t²ra

banker	- seµµh²

bathe	- nah±yati

basket	- piµaka

beak	- tuº¹a

because	- yato / yasm±

become	- bhavati / hoti

bed	- mañca

bee	- bhamara / madhukara

beg	- y±cati

beggar	- y±caka

belly	- kucchi

benevolent one	- atthaññ³

between	- antar±

bind	- bandhati

bird	- sakuºa / pakkh²

bite	- ¹asati

boat	- doºi

body	- k±ya

book	- potthaka

(be) born	- uppajjati

bow	- dhanu

bowl	- patta

box	- mañj³s±

boy	- kum±ra

brahmin	- br±hmaºa

branch	- s±kh±

break	- bhindati / bhañjati

bridge	- setu

bring	- ±harati / ±neti / ±vahati

broom	- sammajjan²

brother	- bh±tu

Buddha	- Tath±gata / Sugata / Bhagav±

buy	- kiº±ti

C

cage	- pañjara

call	- pakkosati

can	- sakkoti

carpenter	- va¹¹hak²

carry	- harati

cart	- sakaµa

caste	- kula

cave	- guh±

charioteer	- s±rath²

chase after	- anubandhati

chief	- adhipati

child	- d±raka

city	- nagara

clever	- dakkha

climb	- ±ruhati

close	- thaketi

cloth	- vattha / dussa / s±µaka

collect	- ocin±ti / sa½harati

colourful	- vaººavantu

come	- ±gacchati

compassionate	- k±ruºika

conceal	- ch±deti / paµicch±deti

console	- samass±seti

converse	- sallapati

cook	- pacati

corn	- dhañña

cow	- g±v² / dhenu

cow elephant	- kaºeru

create	- m±peti

creeper	- lat±

cross	- tarati / uttarati

crow	- k±ka

curd	- dadhi

cut	- chindati

D

dance	- naccati

daughter	- d±rik± / dh²tu / duhitu

(is) dear	- piy±yati

deer	- miga

defeat	- par±jeti

deity	- deva / devat± / sura

delight	- modati

demerit	- akusala / p±pa

depart	- nikkhamati

descend	- otarati / oruhati

destroy	- n±seti

develop	- va¹¹heti

dig	- khaºati

disciple	- s±vaka

disciplinarian	- vinetu

discuss	- manteti

dispatch	- peseti / pahiº±ti

distribute	- vibhajati

do	- karoti

do not	- m± (with imperative)

doctrine	- dhamma

doer	- kattu

dog	- kukkura / sunakha / soºa

door	- dv±ra

drink	- pivati / pibati

drinking water	- p±n²ya

drives	- p±jeti

dwells	- viharati / vasati

E

ear	- sota

eat	- kh±dati / bhuñjati

eczema	- daddu

elephant	- hatth² / kar²

elements	- dh±tu

eminent person	- pabh³

enemy	- sattu, ari

enjoy	- bhuñjati

enter	- pavisati

entire	- sakala

estate	- vatthu

evil	- p±pa

evil one	- m±ra

expects	- ±kaªkhati / pattheti

explain	- vy±karoti

explore	- pariyesati

eye	- akkhi / cakkhu / locana / nayana

F

face	- mukha

faith	- saddh±

fall	- patati

famous	- yasavantu

fast	- s²gha½

father	- pitu

fear	- bh±yati

feel	- vindati

feel

compassionate	- anukampati

fell	- p±teti

field	- khetta

fill	- p³reti

finger	- anguli

fire	- aggi

firewood	-d±ru

fish	- maccha

fisherman	- dh²vara

fist	- muµµhi

flag	- ketu

flame	- acci

flower	- kusuma / puppha

flower altar	- pupph±sana

fly	- u¹¹eti / uppatati

follow	-anugacchati/ 	anubandhati

food	- bhojana / kh±dan²ya/ bhojan²ya

foot	- p±da

foot of tree	- rukkham³la

forest	- arañña / vana / aµavi

form (object)	- r³pa

friend 	- mitta / sah±ya(ka)

friend (female)	- sakh²

fruit	- phala

fulfil	- samijjhati

G

gain 	- l±bha

garland	- m±l±

garment	- s±µaka / vattha

gem 	- maºi

generous one	- vadaññ³

get	- labhati

ghee	- sappi

girl	- d±rik± / kaññ± / kum±r² / yuvati

give	- dad±ti / deti

giver	- d±tu

go	- gacchati

goat	- aja

goer	- gantu

gold	- suvaººa / hirañña

good man	- sappurisa

goods	- bhaº¹a

grass	- tiºa

ground	- bh³mi

gruel	- y±gu

guest	- atithi

H

hall	- s±l±

hand	- hattha

happy one	- sukhi

happily	- sukha½

harass	- p²¼eti

harm	- hi½sati

head	- s²sa

heap	- r±si

heaven	- sagga

hermit	- t±pasa

hide	- ch±deti / paµicch±deti

Himalaya 	- himavantu

hit	- paharati

hoe	- kudd±la

hoist	- uss±peti

honey	- madhu

honour	- p³jeti / vandati

hope	- pattheti / ±kaªkhati

horse	- assa

house	- niv±sa / geha / ghara

householder	- gahapati

how	- katha½ / yath±

how far	- y±va... t±va

hunger	- khud±

hunter	- luddaka

husband	- pati / bhattu / s±m²

I

I	- aha½

if	- sace / yadi

illuminate	- obh±seti

impermanent	- anicca

indeed	- addh±

inform	- ±roceti

intelligence	- paññ±

intelligent one	- paññavantu / viññ±tu

invite	- nimanteti / pakkosati

is	- atthi / bhavati / hoti

J

jackal	- sig±la

K

keep	- µhapeti

kill	- hanati / m±reti

king	- bh³p±la / bh³pati

kiss	- cumbati

knee	- j±ºu / jaººu

know	- j±n±ti

knowledge-

able man	- vid³ / viññ³

L

lamp	- d²pa

laugh	- hasati

lay devotee	- up±saka

lead	- neti / nayati

leader	- netu

leaf	- paººa

learn	- uggaºh±ti

leave	- nikkhamati

leopard	- d²pi

leper	- kuµµh²

light	- n, ±loka /

v, j±leti

lightning	- asani

(is) like	- viya

lion	- s²ha

liquor	- sur±

listen	- suº±ti

listener	- sotu

live	- j²vati

living being	- p±º²

living long	- d²ghaj²v²

look	- oloketi

lotus	- paduma

luscious	- ojavantu

M

magic spell	- manta

man	- nara / purisa / manussa

mansion	- p±s±da

many	- bahu

mat	- kilañj±

measure	- n, n±¼i /

v, min±ti

merchant	- v±ºija

merit	- kusala / puñña

messenger	- d³ta

milk	- n, kh²ra /

v, duhati

mind	- citta

minister	- mant²

mix	- sammisseti

moderate	- mattaññ³

monastery	- vih±ra

monk	- samaºa / bhikkhu

monkey	- v±nara / makkaµa / kapi

moon	- canda

morning	- pabh±te

mother	- amm± / m±tu

mother-in-law	- sassu

mountain	- pabbata / giri

mouth	- mukha

much	- pah³ta

N

neck	- g²v±

nest	- kul±vaka

new	- nava

night	- ratti

not	- na

nourish	- poseti

O

object	- r³pa

ocean	- samudda / udadhi / sindhu

oil	- tela

omniscient	- sabbaññ³

open	- vivarati

oppress	- p²¼eti

or	- v±

outcast	- caº¹±la

ox	- goºa

P

paddy	- v²hi

palm	- p±ºi

park	- uyy±na

parrot	- suka / suva

peacock	- sikh²

piece	- khaº¹a

pig	- var±ha / s³kara

pit	- ±v±µa / k±su

plant	- v, ropeti

play	- v, k²¼ati

(be) pleased	- pas²dati

plough	- kasati

poet	- kavi

pollute	- d³seti

pond	- pokkharaº²

pot	- ghaµa

powerful	- bal² / balavantu

preach	- deseti

prepare	- paµiy±deti

prevent	- niv±reti

protect	- rakkhati

psychic power	- iddhi

pull	- ±ka¹¹hati

pupil	- sissa

purgatory	- naraka

put	- pakkhipati

Q

queen	- r±jin²

question	- n, pañha /

v, pucchati

R

ray	- rasmi

receive	- labhati

reciter	- pavattu

reject	- pajahati

relative	- bandhu

release	- muñcati

relic	- dh±tu

renounce	- pabbajati

reptile	- uraga

retinue	- paris±

rice	- bhatta / odana / taº¹ula

right	- samm±

rise	- udeti

river	- nad² / v±ri

road	- magga

roam	- ±hiº¹ati / carati

robe	- c²vara

room	- ovaraka

rope	- rajju

rule	- p±leti

run	- dh±vati

S

sage	- isi / muni

sailor	- n±vika

sand	- v±luk±

saw	- kakaca

scatter	- vikirati

science & arts	- sippa

scold	- vigarahati

sea	- samudda / udadhi / sindhu

seat	- ±sana

see	- passati

seed	- b²ja

sell	- vikkiº±ti

send	- peseti / pahiº±ti

serpent	- sappa / ahi / uraga

servant	- d±sa

sew	- sibbati

shade / shadow	- ch±y±

ship	- n±v±

shoot	- vijjhati

shop	- ±paºa

sickness	- vy±dhi

sick person	- gil±na

simile	- upam±

since	- yato

sing	- g±yati

sister	- bhagini

sit	- nis²dat²

sky	- ±k±sa

sleep 	- sayati

smeared	- upalitta

sometimes	- kad±ci karahaci

son	- putta

song	- g²ta

soon	- khippa½

sound	- sadda

sow	- vapati

speak	- bh±sati / katheti

speaker	- vattu

speech	- kath±

spend	- vissajjeti

spoil	- d³seti

spoon	- kaµacchu

spread	- pattharati

sprinkle	- siñcati

stairway	- sop±na

stand / stay	- tiµµhati

steal	- coreti

stone	- p±s±ºa

suffering	- dukkha

sugar-cane	- ucchu

sun	- suriya / ravi / bh±numantu

sweep	- sammajjati

sweetmeat	- modaka

sword	- khagga / asi

T

take	- ±dad±ti / gaºh±ti

take out	- n²harati

tank	- v±pi

taste	- rasa

teach	- v±ceti

teacher	- ±cariya / garu / satthu

tear n.	- assu

tempt	- palobheti

then	- tad±

there	- tattha

therefore	- tasm±

thief	- cora

think	- cinteti

thirst	- pip±s±

thirsty	- pip±sita

thunder	- asani

thus	- tath±

today	- ajja

tongue	- jivh±

touch	- phusati

town	- nagara

treasure	- nidhi

tree	- rukkha / taru

try	- ussahati / v±yamati

throw	- cha¹¹eti

truth	- sacca

turn	- pavatteti

tusker	- d±µh²

twenty	- v²sati

U

uncle	- m±tula

understand	- adhigacchati

until	- y±va... t±va

V

various	- n±n±

vehicle	- ratha

victor	- jetu

village	- g±ma

virtue	- s²la / guºa

virtuous	- guºavantu / s²lavantu

W

wage	- vetana

walking stick	- yaµµhi

wander	- ±hiº¹ati / carati

wash	- dhovati

washerman	- rajaka

water	- udaka / jala / p±n²ya

weak	- dubbala

wealth	- dhana / vasu

weep	- rodati

when	- yad± / kad±

whence	- yato / kuto

where	- yattha / kuhi½ / kattha

why	- yasm± / kasm±

wicked man	- asappurisa

wife	- bhariy±  / vadh³

wife & children	- puttad±ra

win	- jayati

wind	- v±ta

wisdom	- paññ±

wise man	- vid³ /

viññ³ /

paññavantu

wish	- icchati / pattheti

with	- saddhi½ / saha

woman	- itth² / n±ri/ yuvati /vanit±

world	- loka

worship	- vandati / namassati

wrap	- veµheti

write	- likhati

Y

you	- tva½ (sg.) / tumhe (pl.)

young one	- susu

young woman	- yuvati